Deck 11: Pharmacologic and Chemical Ergogenic

Question 1

This term comprises those foods and their natural bioactive components for promoting optimal well-being, health, and body function and disease reduction.

A) Functional foods
B) Alternative supplements
C) Nutritional supplements
D) Complimentary supplements

Answer 1

Functional foods

Question 2

This emerging field of __________ identifies ways to modify biochemical pathways by introducing genes having markedly different properties than the original host plant or animal.

A) immunopsychology
B) nutritional ecology
C) transgenic nutraceuticals
D) supplemental pharmacology

Answer 2

transgenic nutraceuticals

Question 3

Glutamine exerts many regulatory functions. The main function that attracts many bodybuilders is that it __________.

A) provides a catabolic effect that augments protein synthesis
B) provides an anticatabolic effect and augments protein synthesis
C) provides a catabolic effect that inhibits protein synthesis
D) reduces glycogen stores

Answer 3

provides an anticatabolic effect and augments protein synthesis

Question 4

The ideal research methodology to evaluate performance-enhancing effects of an exogenous supplement requires that experimental and control subjects remain unaware of the substance administered in a design called __________.

A) random assignment
B) single-blind
C) baseline level research
D) double-blind, placebo-controlled

Question 5

The critical review and evaluation of research by colleagues with expertise in the specific area of investigation is __________.

A) peer review
B) research review
C) statistical analysis
D) joint review

Question 6

__________, a bioactive metabolite generated from the breakdown of leucine, may decrease protein loss during stress by inhibiting protein catabolism.

A) HMB
B) DHEA
C) HGH
D) Androstenedione

Question 7

The blood-boosting drug __________ is a genetically engineered copy of the kidney hormone erythropoietin.

A) renin
B) recombinant epoetin
C) recombinant epocyte
D) recombinant erythro

Question 8

__________, designed for therapeutic medical use, became prominent in the early 1950s to treat patients deficient in natural androgens or with muscle-wasting diseases.

A) Creatine
B) Anabolic steroids
C) DHEA
D) HGH

Question 9

Androstenedione occurs naturally __________ and some plant extracts.

A) in the liver
B) in meats
C) in polyphenols
D) in protein powders

Question 10

__________ refers to combining supraphysiologic dosages of multiple steroid preparations in oral and injectable forms because advocates believe various androgens differ in their physiologic actions.

A) Pyramiding
B) Tapering
C) Stacking
D) Loading

Question 11

__________ refers to progressively increasing drug dosage, usually during 6- to 12-week cycles.

A) Pyramiding
B) Tapering
C) Stacking
D) "Loading the deck"

Question 12

A pathologic condition called __________ occurs from the effects of androgens on the liver, when multiple, randomly distributed blood-filled cavities of pathologic origin develop, raining in diameter from millimeters to several centimeters.

A) viral hepatitis
B) cirrhosis
C) bacterial encephalitis
D) peliosis hepatis

Question 13

This effect is not associated with human growth hormone.

A) Stimulates amino acid uptake
B) Stimulates muscle protein synthesis
C) Inhibits lipid breakdown
D) Conserves glycogen reserves

Question 14

Synthetic dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated ester DHEAS are relatively weak steroid hormones synthesized from __________ in the __________.

A) estrogen; pituitary gland
B) cholesterol; adrenal cortex
C) estradiol; hypothalamus
D) HGH; testosterone

Question 15

The supplement __________ is believed to directly stimulate endogenous testosterone production or form androgen-like derivatives.

A) androstenedione
B) 17-hydroxy-progesterone
C) HGH
D) dihydrotestosterone

Question 16

Androstenedione produced in the __________ serves as an intermediary step that eventually forms testosterone, estrone, and estradiol.

A) gonads and liver
B) gonads and hypothalamus
C) gonads and adrenal glands
D) gonads and pituitary gland

Question 17

Caffeine overconsumption stimulates the __________ to produce these unwelcome outcomes-restlessness, headaches, insomnia and nervous irritability, muscle twitching, tremulousness, psychomotor agitation, and trigger premature left ventricular contractions.

A) central nervous system
B) allosteric central system
C) sensory and transcutaneous nervous systems
D) cranial nerves

Question 18

Consuming one to six cups of coffee daily seems to provide a modifiable factor to __________ for developing the most harmful forms of certain cancers.

A) lower the risk
B) increase the risk
C) not change the risk
D) accelerate the risk

Question 19

The __________ aspect of the body's buffering system provides guards against increased intracellular H ion concentration.

A) carbon dioxide
B) bicarbonate
C) lactate
D) intracellular phosphate

Question 20

Bicarbonate loading:

A) decreases extracellular pH
B) decreases extracellular NaH₂CO₃
C) allows higher blood lactate accumulation during strenuous anaerobic exercise
D) increases mitochondrial "leakage" from muscle cells into red blood cells

Question 21

True about anabolic steroids.

A) Drugs that function similar to the male hormone estrogen.
B) Bind with specific receptor sites on skeletal muscle.
C) Prevent development of male secondary sex characteristics.
D) Prevent development of sex-based individual differences in muscle mass, strength, and power.

Question 22

Anabolic steroid use, particularly orally active 17-alkylated androgens in healthy men and women, __________ in plasma lipoproteins.

A) reduces high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
B) lowers high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
C) lowers total cholesterol
D) increases the HDL-C-to-LDL-C ratio

Question 23

This particularly worrisome outcome, __________, likely occurs for the male anabolic steroid abuser.

A) impaired normal sperm concentration (azoospermia)
B) decreased female estrogen hormone levels
C) failure to produce blood lactate during resting metabolism
D) failure of the bicarbonate system to buffer excess lactic acid

Question 24

__________ exert a powerful stimulating effect on central nervous system function.

A) Creatine monohydrate
B) Pangamic acid
C) Amphetamines
D) Buffering solutions

Question 25

General side effects of amphetamines include all of the following except __________.

A) drowsiness
B) headache
C) insomnia
D) tremulousness

Question 26

Human growth hormone __________.

A) slows glucose and amino acid breakdown
B) decreases fatty acid oxidation
C) decreases bone and cartilage growth
D) increases carbohydrate catabolism

Question 27

Anabolic steroids function similarly to the hormone __________.

A) estrogen
B) epinephrine
C) testosterone
D) aldosterone

Question 28

Excessive growth hormone production in adults causes __________.

A) acromegaly (enlarged hands and feet, diminished facial features)
B) gynecomastia (overgrowth of chest cavity)
C) abnormal brain and spinal growth
D) acromegaly (small hands and feet, diminished facial features)

Question 29

The ergogenic effect of caffeine in high-intensity endurance occurs from __________.

A) increased use of fat a fuel to spare the body's limited carbohydrate reserves
B) catecholamine release from the adrenal cortex
C) increased use of fat a fuel to spare the body's limited protein reserves
D) increased use of fat a fuel to spare the body's limited glycogen reserves

Question 30

One cup of brewed coffee generally contains between __________ of caffeine.

A) 60 and 150 milligrams
B) 60 and 150 grams
C) 60 and 150 micrograms
D) 60 and 150 ounces

Question 31

Amphetamines:

A) pharmacologic compounds that exert a powerful stimulating effect on central nervous system functions
B) sympathomimetic because their action mimics pancreatic hormone release
C) decrease blood pressure, pulse rate, cardiac output, and breathing rate
D) decrease vital capacity and lower body muscle strength, decrease probability of headaches and nervousness

Question 32

Human growth hormone (hGH)

A) also called somatotropin
B) produced endogenously by the hypothalamus
C) decreases bone and cartilage growth and enhances fatty acid oxidation
D) catabolic hormone

Question 33

True about caffeine.

A) Depresses central nervous system function
B) Causes headache, insomnia, and nervous irritability and produces premature left ventricular contractions
C) Potent antidiuretic.
D) Consuming five to six cups of coffee over a 30-minute period decreases urinary caffeine levels

Question 34

Substances function similarly to testosterone.

A) Amphetamines
B) Growth hormones
C) Anabolic steroids
D) Estrogens

Question 35

Ergogenic benefit of preexercise bicarbonate loading.

A) Significantly reduces short-term maximal effort in dosages of at least 0.9 g kg^-1 body mass
B) Dosage influences the potential effects
C) Increases heavy resistance training workouts
D) Benefits low-intensity aerobic physical activity

Question 36

Beta-hydroxy- $\beta$ -methylbutyrate (HMB)

A) Generated from the breakdown of the essential monoglyceride glucose
B) Generated from the breakdown of the essential branched-chain amino acid leucine
C) Generated from the breakdown of the essential branched-chain amino acid alanine
D) Generated from the breakdown of plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Question 37

The mechanism for any HMB effect __________.

A) depends on HMB initial concentration
B) depends on HMB final concentration in vivo
C) depends on HMB final concentration in vitro
D) remains unknown

Question 38

True about clenbuterol

A) $\beta$ ₂-Adrenergic agonist
B) $\beta$ ₂-Adrenergic protagonist
C) Lessens fatigue during short-term, intense muscle actions
D) Produce similar androgenic side effects in females as do anabolic steroids in males

Question 39

Albuterol's ergogenic benefit supposedly comes from its __________ on skeletal muscle $\beta$ ₂-receptors to increase muscle force and power.

A) stimulating effects
B) depressive effects
C) interaction with clenbuterol derivatives
D) sensory tract effect

Question 40

Excessive hGH production following growth cessation produces the irreversible disorder __________.

A) acromegaly
B) gynecomastia
C) Type 1 diabetes
D) dwarfism

Question 41

Harmful side effect of exogenous DHEA supplementation

A) Promotes negative changes in the blood lipid profile
B) Osteoporosis
C) Shrinking of prostate gland
D) Relatively weak steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol in the pancreas

Question 42

Popular hormone __________ supplemented by some in the hope of optimizing training and countering the effects of aging.

A) TSH
B) FSH
C) ADH
D) DHEA

Question 43

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

A) Classifies as a depressant drug
B) Classifies as a stimulating drug
C) Composed of atoms of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
D) Least abused substance by adolescents, adults, athletes, nonathletes

Question 44

True about alcohol's effects on the body

A) Produces an acute anxiolytic effect to temporarily reduce tension and anxiety, enhance self-confidence, and promote aggression.
B) Acts as a generalized neurologic stimulant to improve steadiness and accuracy in demanding motor tasks
C) Promotes an ergolytic effect.
D) Improves performance in long-duration aerobic activities

Question 45

Negative effect of alcohol

A) Impairs cardiac function.
B) Stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate sources via gluconeogenesis.
C) Increases water retention by increasing antidiuretic hormone release from the posterior pituitary gland.
D) Increases anxiety and tension.

Question 46

Excess plasma phosphate stimulates the secretion of __________.

A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) parathormone
D) thyroxine

Question 47

Structural component of the internal layer of plasma membranes that surrounds all cells and may modify body's neuroendocrine stress response.

A) $\beta$ -Hydroxy- $\beta$ -methylbutyrate
B) Androstenedione
C) Phosphatidylserine
D) Aldosterone

Question 48

True regarding glutamine

A) Alters the normal hormonal milieu and training responsiveness in healthy men and women.
B) Counters the catabolic effects of cortisol.
C) Depresses mood and emotion and should not be consumed.
D) An essential amino acid found primarily in cardiac tissue

Question 49

__________ exerts a stimulating effect on central nervous system functions.

A) TMJ adjustment
B) Pangamic acid
C) Amphetamines
D) Buffering agents

Question 50

Side effect of amphetamines

A) Relief from gastrointestinal distress
B) Deterioration in psychomotor skills
C) Tremulousness, headache, confusion
D) Central nervous system depressant

Question 51

Amphetamine's medical risks

A) Decreased breast size associated with Type 2 diabetes
B) Hypertension, glucose intolerance, stroke, sudden death
C) Complete cessation of menstrual cycle
D) Deterioration in perceptual motor skills

Question 52

Athletes of ancient Greece from about 700 to 300 B.C. reportedly used hallucinogenic mushrooms, plant seeds, and ground dog testicles for ergogenic purposes, while Roman gladiator athletes ingested the equivalent of "speed" to enhance performance in the Circus Maximus (about 200-300 A.D.).

Question 53

In the mid-19th century in Europe, a tonic mixture of Bordeaux wine and natural cocaine extracted from cocoa leaves developed by French chemist Ange-François Mariani (1821-1873) was sold as a curative for medicinal and recreational purposes to "rev up" the body. Athletes would consume the drink to ward off fatigue, sometimes during the actual sport performance!

Question 54

Testing of urine samples is the "gold standard" method to detect illicit drug use.

Question 55

The new genetic engineering technique of CRISPR (acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat), discovered by UC Berkeley American biochemist Jennifer Doudna, has opened up a new era for the proper medical intervention into disease, and not for "gene doping" advocated by some to thwart illegal drug use in sports.

Question 56

The emerging field of transgenic nutraceuticals uses genes introduced into a host plant or animal to modify a biochemical pathway and thereby "create" a new, "genetically modified" substance with markedly different properties than the original plant or animal.

Question 57

The term functional food, beyond meeting three basic nutrition needs for survival, hunger satisfaction, and preventing adverse effects, comprise those foods and their bioactive components (e.g., olive oil, soy products, omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals) to promote five major outcome functions and disease risk reduction.

Question 58

Five outcome strategies of functional food science include bioregulation, biodefense, and reduced muscle fatigue from overly strenuous physical activity.

Question 59

Supplements are regulated differently than medications, and companies who sell such products are not required to seek FTC approval before marketing them.

Question 60

The ideal experiment to evaluate the performance-enhancing effects of an exogenous supplement requires that experimental and control subjects remain unaware or "unblinded" to the substance administered.

Question 61

"Stacking" refers to using amphetamines every other week.

Question 62

The conclusions of a scientific research study must not always logically follow from the research findings.

Question 63

Inferential statistical analysis makes predictions and inferences about a particular population with sample data drawn randomly from the population.

Question 64

A reduced heart rate of three beats a minute during submaximal physical activity may reach statistical significance (greater than chance occurrence), yet confer little practical effect on altering aerobic fitness or cardiovascular function.

Question 65

High-quality research withstands the rigors of critical review and evaluation by colleagues with expertise in the specific area of investigation. Thus, such peer review provides a measure of quality control over the scholarship and interpretation of research findings.

Question 66

Publications in such popular magazines as People, Glamour, Self, Men's Fitness, Muscle and Fitness, Flex, or quasi-professional journals such as Physician and Sports Medicine do not undergo the same degree of review rigor as a peer-reviewed article published in a mainstream sports science-related research journal.

Question 67

Drinking 2.5 cups of regularly percolated coffee 1 hour before exercising significantly extends endurance in strenuous aerobic exercise.

Question 68

Some so-called "experts" who write articles in popular strength, training, and fitness magazines also own the magazines-as continues to occur to promote and sell a particular line of equipment or promote a particular nutritional supplement they endorse.

Question 69

Two articles in the New York Times in August and September 2015 described Coca-Cola's support of academic researchers who founded the Global Energy Balance Network to promote physical activity as an effective method to prevent obesity. The article relied on e-mail evidence to document how Monsanto, the multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation, and the organic food industry recruited professors and researchers to lobby, write, and testify to Congress on their behalf.

Question 70

Scientific evidence has proven that ginseng supplements offer an ergogenic benefit for physiologic function.

Question 71

Major industrial companies often use industry-funded academic research to change the narrative to misdirect the public and to "manufacture doubt" about the science so it becomes more difficult to establish regulatory limits or guidelines on consumption and health outcomes, the same strategy used by the tobacco companies to promote the beneficial (healthful) effects of smoking.

Question 72

Drug testing of athletes has consistently expanded, with the initiation of the International Olympic Committee random, unannounced drug testing in track and field in 1989 to the administration of 3500 tests before the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, 4500 tests during the 2008 Beijing Games, 6250 blood and urine samples at the 2012 London Olympics, and over 5000 tests analyzed at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

Question 73

Anabolic steroids available for therapeutic use in oral, injectable, and through-the-skin (transdermal) forms became prominent in the early 1900s to treat patients deficient in natural androgens or with muscle-wasting diseases.

Question 74

Up to 5 million athletes worldwide (90% of male and 80% of female professional bodybuilders) currently use androgens, often combined with stimulants, hormones, and diuretics, believing their use augments training effectiveness.

Question 75

A survey of 500 steroid users reported that nearly 80% were nonathletes who take these drugs for cosmetic purposes. The majority self-administer with intramuscular injections, with nearly 1 in 10 reporting hazardous injection techniques.

Question 76

Anabolic steroids function similarly to the chemical structure of the female hormone estradiol.

Question 77

For more than seven decades, researchers and athletes have debated the true effect of anabolic steroids on body composition and exercise performance. Much of the confusion about anabolic steroids' ergogenic effectiveness stems from variations in these variables; experimental design; poor selection of controls; accompanying nutritional supplementation; individual differences in response.

Question 78

Animal research had suggested that anabolic steroid treatment, when combined with exercise and adequate protein intake, stimulated protein synthesis and increased the subcellular architecture of muscle protein-myosin, myofibrils, and sarcoplasmic factors.

Question 79

Steroid abuse also typically associates with the following worrisome medical consequences in men-testicular atrophy; baldness; prostate hypertrophy; Injury and alterations in cardiovascular function and myocardial cell cultures.

Question 80

Francis G. Benedict and Wilbur Olin Atwater conducted more than 500 experiments concerning rest, exercise, and diet using the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter.