Question 1

The ability to produce the same results repeatedly when conditions remain the same is called:&#10;A) Validity&#10;B) Reliability&#10;C) Repeated measures&#10;D) Bias

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure, meaning that the same data would be collected each time in repeated observations under identical conditions.

Question 2

The soundness or accuracy of a conclusion or measurement is called:&#10;A) Validity&#10;B) Reliability&#10;C) Repeated measures&#10;D) Bias

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. It is about the soundness or accuracy of a conclusion or measurement.

Question 3

Intraclass correlation coefficient is the most common statistical test for:&#10;A) Repeated measures&#10;B) Validity&#10;C) Bias&#10;D) Reliability

Accepted Answer

The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) is most commonly used to assess the reliability of measurements or ratings, especially when the measurements are made by different observers or instruments on the same subjects. It evaluates how strongly units in the same group resemble each other.

Question 4

Which of the following is a threat to reliability?&#10;A) Maturation of subjects&#10;B) Selection&#10;C) Multiple data collectors&#10;D) Contamination

Accepted Answer

Multiple data collectors can introduce variability in data collection methods, which can threaten the reliability of the results.

Question 5

Which of the following is a threat to validity?&#10;A) Factors such as time of day or temperature&#10;B) Subjects dropping out of the study&#10;C) Factors such as fatigue or hunger&#10;D) Method of recording data metrics

Accepted Answer

Subjects dropping out of the study is a threat to validity known as attrition, which can lead to biased results if the dropouts are not random.

Question 6

Bias can be due to any of the following except:&#10;A) Random sampling&#10;B) Actions by the investigator that influence the outcome&#10;C) Selections of manuscripts for publication&#10;D) Non-significant research results

Accepted Answer

Bias is not due to random sampling; rather, random sampling is a method used to reduce bias by ensuring that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Bias typically arises from systematic errors in the research design, data collection, or analysis phases, such as those mentioned in options B, C, and D.

Question 7

The subset of a group of subjects that is selected for a study is called:&#10;A) Target population&#10;B) Population of interest&#10;C) Accessible population&#10;D) Sample

Accepted Answer

A sample is the subset of a larger group (the population) that is selected for the purpose of the study. It represents the larger group from which it is drawn.

Question 8

An individual who selects you for a survey because of your age or gender is conducting:&#10;A) Cluster sampling&#10;B) Snowball sampling&#10;C) Purposive sampling&#10;D) Convenience sampling

Accepted Answer

Purposive sampling involves selecting individuals based on specific characteristics or criteria, such as age or gender, making it the correct choice for this scenario.

Question 9

The variable that is being measured as the outcome of a study is called a(n):&#10;A) Independent variable&#10;B) Dependent variable&#10;C) Comparison group&#10;D) Sample

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. It is called "dependent" because its value depends on changes to the independent variable.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?&#10;A) Random assignment means that each individual in a population has the same chance of being selected for a study.&#10;B) Normative research involves developing and testing a new measurement tool.&#10;C) Exploratory research investigates cause and effect relationships.&#10;D) A control group is one type of comparison group.

Accepted Answer

A control group is indeed one type of comparison group used in experiments to measure the effect of a treatment or intervention by comparing outcomes with those of the experimental group, which receives the treatment. Random assignment refers to how participants are allocated to different groups, not how they are selected for the study. Normative research typically involves understanding what is considered normal or typical within a specific population, not necessarily developing new measurement tools. Exploratory research aims to explore a topic more than establishing cause and effect, which is more the domain of explanatory or causal research.

Question 11

Which of the following research designs is categorized as descriptive research?&#10;A) Methodological research&#10;B) Qualitative research&#10;C) Quasi-experimental research&#10;D) Exploratory research

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following research designs is...

Question 12

Experimental research is characterized by which of the following?&#10;A) Random selection to groups&#10;B) Manipulation of a dependent variable&#10;C) A comparison group or control group&#10;D) Prediction of the effect of one variable on another

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experimental research is characterized by which of...

Question 13

An investigator who is collecting data from the medical records of a hospital system is conducting a(n):&#10;A) Retrospective study&#10;B) Experimental study&#10;C) Methodological study&#10;D) Qualitative study

Accepted Answer

The answer of An investigator who is collecting data from...

Question 14

An investigator who is investigating a characteristic of a sample and describing standard values is conducting a(n):&#10;A) Exploratory study&#10;B) Retrospective study&#10;C) Normative study&#10;D) Quasi-experimental study

Accepted Answer

The answer of An investigator who is investigating a characteristic...

Question 15

A harmless medication or procedure that has no therapeutic effect is called a(n):&#10;A) Independent variable&#10;B) Placebo&#10;C) Generalization&#10;D) Dependent variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of A harmless medication or procedure that has...

Question 16

The ability to apply the results of a study to the entire population is called:&#10;A) Probability sampling&#10;B) Bias&#10;C) Reliability&#10;D) Generalization

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ability to apply the results of...

Deck 3: Research Terminology