Deck 2: Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Nucleotides contain one or more phosphate groups that are usually attached to the ______.

A) C-3' or C-5' atoms
B) C-3 or C-3' atoms
C) C-5 or N-3 atoms
D) C-1' or N-3 atoms
E) none of the above

Answer 1

C-3' or C-5' atoms

Question 2

Which of the following bases pairs with guanine?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Answer 2

Question 3

Which of the following bases is not present in RNA?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Answer 3

Question 4

This is the structure of adenine.

a. Is adenine a purine or a pyrimidine?
b. Which base does adenine base-pair (H-bond) with in DNA?
c. What is the name of the molecule that is composed of adenine linked to the C-1ꞌ of ribose?
d. Indicate on the drawing through which atom adenine is connected to ribose or deoxyribose.
e. Indicate on the drawing which groups on adenine are involved in base-pairing or H-bonding with its complementary base.

Question 5

This is the structure of cytosine.

a. What are the names of the other three bases that are found in DNA?
b. Is cytosine a purine or a pyrimidine?
c. Give the name and the one letter abbreviation of the base cytosine base-pairs (H-bonds) with in DNA.
d. What is the name of the molecule composed of cytosine linked to ribose?
e. Indicate on the drawing through which atom cytosine is connected to ribose or deoxyribose
f. Indicate on the drawing which groups on cytosine are involved in base-pairing (H-bonding) with its complementary base

Question 6

The pyrimidine found in both DNA and RNA is _____. The pyrimidine found only in DNA is _____, and the pyrimidine found only in RNA is _____.

Question 7

The link between a purine and ribose is made from the ____ of the purine ring to the ____ of the ribose.
Dropdown 1: N-1, N-3, N-7, N-9
Dropdown 2: C-1ꞌ, C-2ꞌ, C-3ꞌ, C-4ꞌ, C-5ꞌ

Question 8

The link between a pyrimidine and ribose is made from the ___ of the pyrimidine ring to the ___ of the ribose.
Dropdown 1: N-1, N-3
Dropdown 2: C-1ꞌ, C-2ꞌ, C-3ꞌ, C-4ꞌ, C-5ꞌ

Question 9

In DNA, the ribose derivative lacks an _____ on C-_____.

A) alcohol; 2
B) alcohol; 3
C) amine; 2
D) amine; 3
E) none of the above

Question 10

What type of bond is made between nucleotides?

A) ester
B) phosphoester
C) phosphodiester
D) glycosidic
E) none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following correctly describes the B-DNA double helix?

A) antiparallel strands
B) right-handed helix
C) base pairs are located in the center of the helix
D) one helical rotation has a rise of 3.4 nm
E) all of the above

Question 12

The DNA strand that serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA is often called the _____.

A) coding strand
B) noncoding strand
C) messenger strand
D) transfer strand
E) transcription strand

Question 13

The replication of DNA is made possible by the presence of _____ strands in the double helix of DNA.

A) antiparallel
B) hydrogen-bonded
C) complementary
D) genomic
E) none of the above

Question 14

Genomic DNA is _____, resulting in the production of _____.

A) transcribed; mRNA
B) translated; tRNA
C) transcribed; protein
D) translated; protein
E) translated; rRNA

Question 15

An E. coli has _____ replication fork(s) on its single chromosome; humans have _____ replication fork(s) on each chromosome.

A) 1; 1
B) 1; 2
C) 2; 2
D) 2; many
E) many; many

Question 16

Which strand of DNA is replicated exclusively in a discontinuous fashion?

A) forward strand
B) reverse strand
C) leading strand
D) lagging strand
E) the strand that is read in a 5' to 3' direction

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a new strand of DNA relative to the template strand used to synthesize it?

A) an exact duplicate of the template
B) a negative copy of the template
C) a palindromic copy of the template
D) an exact copy of the template but with the 3'and 5' ends reversed
E) none of the above

Question 18

Genomic DNA that encodes proteins undergoes the process of _____ to produce _____.

A) transcription; mRNA
B) transcription; tRNA
C) translation; rRNA
D) translation; proteins
E) transcription; proteins

Question 19

Prokaryotes contain nucleotide sequences known as _____ that contain related genes with related functions.

Question 20

Which diagram correctly depicts a ribosome engaged in translation?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 21

Transfer RNA molecules are involved in ______.

A) transcription
B) translation
C) replication
D) reverse transcription
E) post-translational processing

Question 22

In bacteria, riboflavin can inhibit its own synthesis by binding to an mRNA element termed a ______.

Question 23

Incorporation of which of the following would result in chain termination during sequencing of DNA?

A) dATP
B) dCTP
C) ddTTP
D) dGTP
E) none of the above

Question 24

The results of DNA sequencing are obtained by first separating different-sized pieces of DNA using _____ followed by detection of the particular dideoxynucleotide using _____.

A) HPLC; NMR
B) HPLC; absorbance spectroscopy
C) electrophoresis; fluorescence spectroscopy
D) electrophoresis; X-ray crystallography
E) none of the above

Question 25

The most commonly used technique for making large numbers of copies of DNA is _____.

A) polymerase chain reaction
B) dideoxy sequencing
C) restriction digestion
D) genetic engineering
E) site-directed mutagenesis

Question 26

Because of the high temperature _____ step during a PCR reaction, the DNA polymerase from _____ is used.

A) primer extension; E. coli
B) strand separation; Thermus aquaticus
C) primer annealing; Thermus aquaticus
D) primer extension; bacteriophage $\lambda$
E) strand separation; E. coli

Question 27

Which of the following represents the correct order of steps in a PCR reaction beginning with double-stranded DNA?

A) primer annealing, strand separation, primer extension
B) strand separation, primer extension, primer annealing
C) strand separation, primer annealing, primer extension
D) primer extension, primer annealing, strand separation
E) primer annealing, primer extension, strand separation

Question 28

EcoRI recognizes the sequence 5'-G $\downarrow$ AATTC-3' (the arrow indicates the point of cleavage). Treatment of the following oligonucleotide with EcoRI would produce two oligonucleotides with sizes of _____ nucleotides containing _____ ends.
5'-AAGTCGATACAGAATTCGTACCTAG-3'

A) 12 and 13; blunt
B) 12 and 8; blunt
C) 11 and 8; sticky
D) 12 and 13; sticky
E) 9 and 13; sticky

Question 29

What term describes a small, circular molecule of DNA that can be used to transfer genetic material from one organism to another?

A) plasmid
B) bacteriophage
C) clone
D) tRNA
E) splice

Question 30

What term describes the production of multiple identical organisms from a single ancestor?

A) transcription
B) cloning
C) sequencing
D) phenotyping
E) ligation

Question 31

What enzyme is required to form a new phosphodiester bond when inserting DNA into a plasmid?

A) DNA polymerase
B) endonuclease
C) exonuclease
D) ligase
E) clonase

Question 32

What technique involves addition of primers that do not exactly match the sequence of a gene, thus allowing for introduction of a mutation?

A) cloning
B) transformation
C) site-directed mutagenesis
D) selection
E) none of the above