Deck 3: Understanding Causal Relationships: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

Question 1

An "If, then" statement is called a Conditional.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the statement "if A, then B," A is a necessary condition for

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In the statement "if A, then B," B is a sufficient condition for

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Modus Ponens is always valid.

Question 5

Modus Tollens is always invalid.

Question 6

A disjunction is an "either/or" statement.

Question 7

A Venn Diagram tests validity in propositional logic.

Question 8

"All A are B" is a Universal Affirmative statement.

Question 9

"Some A are not B" is a Universal Negative statement.

Question 10

Faulty memory can mar testimony.

Question 11

The Post-Hoc Fallacy is an example of genuine causality.

Question 12

Scientific reasoning relies upon Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning.

Question 13

Statistics are always trustworthy.

Question 14

By careful wording of questions, conductors of surveys guarantee truthful results.

Question 15

A truth table must be completed in order to determine validity.

Question 16

Indicate whether the following examples are necessary or sufficient conditions.
-Striking the match against the matchbox causes the match to light.

Question 17

Indicate whether the following examples are necessary or sufficient conditions.
-Eating causes one to sustain life.

Question 18

Indicate whether the following examples are necessary or sufficient conditions.
-Listening to Wagner causes one to become violent.

Question 19

Indicate whether the following examples are necessary or sufficient conditions.
-The President signing a bill causes it to become a law.

Question 20

Indicate whether the following examples are necessary or sufficient conditions.
-Having four sides causes a shape to be a square.

Question 21

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-If Ike is a baby, then Stan will kick him.

Question 22

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-Either Damian or Mr. Hankey killed Kenny.

Question 23

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-Cartman is not fat, but he does have big bones.

Question 24

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-If Pip is English, then either Damian is not Satan's son or Mr. Garrison is not a good teacher.

Question 25

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-Either Stewie is a megalomaniac, or Lois is crazy.

Question 26

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-If Mel Gibson is a masochist, then Stan and Kyle should get their money back.

Question 27

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-Homer eats donuts if and only if donuts exist.

Question 28

Translate each statement into propositional logic form.
-If Patrick Stewart made an appearance, then either Stewie or Peter said "Wil Wheaton" strangely.

Question 29

Given that A, B, and C are true and X, Y, and Z are false, determine the truth- value of the following statements.

-A v (B ? Z)

Question 30

Given that A, B, and C are true and X, Y, and Z are false, determine the truth- value of the following statements.

-~B v ~X

Question 31

Given that A, B, and C are true and X, Y, and Z are false, determine the truth- value of the following statements.

-(X & A) & (~B & Y)

Question 32

Given that A, B, and C are true and X, Y, and Z are false, determine the truth- value of the following statements.

-[(A v B) & ~(Y & ~C)] v ~[~(Z ? ~X) v ~B]

Question 33

Given that A, B, and C are true and X, Y, and Z are false, determine the truth- value of the following statements.

-~{~[~(A ? ~Y) & ~(Y ? C)] v ~[~(B ? ~Z) & ~(X v A)]}

Question 34

Construct truth tables for the following arguments and indicate their validity.

- $\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \sim \mathrm{B} \\ \end{array}$

$\frac {\text { B }} { \text { ?A} }$

Question 35

Construct truth tables for the following arguments and indicate their validity.

- $\begin{array}{l}\sim(A \& B) \rightarrow C \\ \frac{\sim(B \& C)}{\sim A}\end{array}$

Question 36

Construct truth tables for the following arguments and indicate their validity.

- $A \rightarrow(B \vee C)$
$B \rightarrow(C \& A)$
$\frac {\text { A}} { \rightarrow \text { C} }$

Question 37

Construct truth tables for the following arguments and indicate their validity.

- $A$ v $B$
$\frac {\text { A \& B }} { \text {B \& A } }$

Question 38

Construct truth tables for the following arguments and indicate their validity.

- $\begin{array}{l}\sim \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \sim(\mathrm{B} \vee \mathrm{C}) \\ \frac{\sim(\mathrm{B} \vee \mathrm{A})}{\sim \mathrm{C}}\end{array}$

Question 39

Test the validity of the following syllogisms using the Venn Diagram test:

-All $x$ are $y$ All $\mathrm{z}$ are $\mathrm{x}$
$\frac {\text { All \( z \) are \( x \) }} { \text { All \( z \) are \( y \)} }$

Question 40

Test the validity of the following syllogisms using the Venn Diagram test:

-All a are b
$\frac{\text { Some } \mathrm{a} \text { are } \mathrm{c}}{\text { Some } \mathrm{c} \text { are } \mathrm{b}}$

Question 41

Test the validity of the following syllogisms using the Venn Diagram test:

-No a are $\mathrm{a}$ Some $m$ are not $m$

$\frac {\text { Some \( \mathrm{m} \) are not \( \mathrm{b} \) }} { \text {Some \( \mathrm{b} \) are not \( \mathrm{a} \) } }$

Question 42

Test the validity of the following syllogisms using the Venn Diagram test:

-No $y$ are $x$
$\frac {\text { Some \( \mathrm{x} \) are \( \mathrm{z} \) }} { \text {Some \( \mathrm{z} \) are not \( \mathrm{y} \) } }$

Question 43

Test the validity of the following syllogisms using the Venn Diagram test:

-All $d$ are $p$
$\frac {\text {Some \( \mathrm{p} \) are \( \mathrm{z} \) }} { \text { Some \( \mathrm{z} \) are \( \mathrm{d} \)} }$

Question 44

Test the validity of the following syllogisms using the Venn Diagram test:

-No $a$ are $b$
$\frac {\text { All a are c}} { \text { All c are b } }$

Question 45

Explain the causal relationships implied by necessary and sufficient conditions.

Question 46

Why is truth in testimony problematic? What are the obstacles to overcome in determining truth in testimony?

Question 47

What is the Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning technique? Why is it important to science?

Question 48

How might surveys be manipulated? How might one tell that a survey is legitimate?

Question 49

Explain how one might use a truth table to determine validity.