Deck 14: Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation

Question 1

Which of the following perspectives believes that individuals can alter their environment to discourage criminal activity?

A) social learning
B) sociobiological
C) differential association
D) situational crime prevention

Answer 1

situational crime prevention

Question 2

Low-level criminal activity in a community that triggers the downturn of a neighborhood's quality-of-life is known as

A) territorial cognition.
B) incivilities thesis.
C) community decay.
D) neighborhood change.

Answer 2

incivilities thesis.

Question 3

Ensuring that an offender will be seen on a sidewalk, in a government building, or even in a public park is best accomplished through

A) neighborhood watch.
B) surveillance cameras.
C) uniformed security guards.
D) the buddy system.

Answer 3

surveillance cameras.

Question 4

Implementation of baggage screening has been associated with reductions in

A) highjackings.
B) passenger arguments.
C) flight delays.
D) air terminal violence.

Question 5

What is the name of a coin or object used to defeat a parking meter timer?

A) rock
B) blob
C) slug
D) shell

Question 6

Which of the following locations would be most susceptible to crime?

A) community centers
B) convalescent homes
C) bars and taverns
D) college campuses

Question 7

Tags placed on retail clothing to activate an alarm if stole are called

A) clothing alarms.
B) store sensors.
C) capable guardians.
D) electronic article surveillance.

Question 8

When people bond together with a positive attitude about their residential environment to discourage crime, this is known as

A) motivation reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) community limitations.
D) activity support.

Question 9

Making specific locations by design, more difficult for an offender to commit a crime is called

A) special awareness.
B) commercial manipulation.
C) target hardening.
D) neighborhood watch.

Question 10

Building a community center to bond neighborhood people together is termed

A) community design.
B) access control.
C) neighborhood watch.
D) activity support.

Question 11

Researchers have argued that motivated offenders have ________ , or people (such as family members) who discourage them from committing crime.

A) designators callers
B) handlers
C) personal assistants
D) commercial manipulation

Question 12

The ________ theory focuses on the places criminals visit, which they are likely to target for criminal activity.

A) spatial patterns
B) location grids
C) crime pattern
D) vector patterns

Question 13

The idea that an offender weighs the costs and benefits of breaking the law is known as

A) rational offender perspective.
B) crime pattern theory.
C) environmental theory.
D) routine activities theory.

Question 14

An effective method of targeting public telephones is

A) changing local numbers frequently.
B) electronic monitoring and rapid repair of broken phones
C) placing signs threatening prosecution for vandalism.
D) lowering the price to make long-distance calls.

Question 15

Environmental criminology is a recent offshoot of tradition criminology, focusing on what can be done about crime.

Question 16

Target hardening includes taking such actions as displaying reward posters and crime stoppers advertisements.

Question 17

Motivation reinforcement encourages people to have positive attitudes about their living environment.

Question 18

In Gainesville, Florida, a local ordinance once went as far as to mandate that at least two clerks had to work at the same time in a convenience store.

Question 19

Making specific locations more difficult for an offender to commit a crime by installing alarms, or deadbolts is called routine activities.

Question 20

Newman's four elements of defensible space includes access.

Question 21

Territorial functioning space is concerned with such issues as the attachment people have to the areas immediately surrounding them.

Question 22

CCTV is the use of security cameras to deter crime.

Question 23

Studies have made it perfectly clear that bank robberies decrease when CCTV is installed.

Question 24

Places familiar to an offender might become suitable targets.

Question 25

________ refers to methods of controlling access to residences or even ATM machines.

Question 26

________ theory suggests that offenders are motivated to commit crime when targets are easy to access and the chances of being caught are minimal.

Question 27

________ perspective consists of the view that criminals weight the costs and benefits before committing a crime.

Question 28

Crime pattern theorists look at offenders' ________.

Question 29

________ includes any method of ensuring that offenders will be seen.

Question 30

________ is the use of security cameras to monitor the movement of people in public places.

Question 31

A concern among residents that crime does not overrun their neighborhood builds positive attitudes through ________.

Question 32

Building a community center to bond neighborhood people together is an example of ________.

Question 33

________ defensible space refers to people's conection to their surrounding and the desire to exercise some control over it.

Question 34

________ are used to make a machine think that real U.S. currency has been inserted.

Question 35

Describe the elements of the routine activities theory.

Question 36

Explain what is meant by the term environmental criminology.

Question 37

Describe security methods undertaken to apprehend shoplifters.