Deck 4: Who Am I and How Do Other Individuals See Me?

Question 1

Who coined the term 'looking-glass' self?

A) Charles H. Cooley
B) George Herbert Mead
C) George Mead.
D) Albert Bandura.

Answer 1

Charles H. Cooley

Question 2

What piece of evidence from Gordon Gallup's work on chimpanzees can be used to support the idea that the self's relationship to others is important for the development of the self-concept?

A) Only female chimpanzees recognized their reflection in the mirror.
B) Chimpanzees can recognize other chimpanzees but not their own reflection in the mirror.
C) All chimpanzees recognized their reflection.
D) Only chimpanzees who had been raised in social environments seemed to recognize their reflection in the mirror.

Answer 2

Only chimpanzees who had been raised in social environments seemed to recognize their reflection in the mirror.

Question 3

A cultural focus on the self as independent from others is known as ___________.

A) individualism
B) communism
C) collectivism
D) socialization

Answer 3

individualism

Question 4

Your mental representation or overall sense of 'you' is known as your _____________.

A) self-schema
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) social schema

Question 5

A group that we consider ourselves to be a part of is known as:

A) a group
B) an ingroup
C) an outgroup
D) an assembly

Question 6

A cultural focus on the self as interdependent and defined by the connectedness of people to one another is defined as ___________.

A) individualism
B) capitalism
C) collectivism
D) introspection

Question 7

Which term best describes the notion that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people?

A) self-concept
B) self-efficacy
C) self-esteem
D) looking glass self

Question 8

Research conducted on the brain using brain imaging technology suggests which of the following to be true?

A) Trauma to the brain does not really affect our sense of self.
B) The self appears to occupy a unique area of the brain.
C) The self does not appear to occupy a unique area of the brain.
D) The same part of the brain is activated when we are shown unflattering pictures of ourselves as when we are shown unflattering pictures of other people

Question 9

Mike's belief that he has the ability to successfully complete a rigorous law program at a top university in the United States reflects the fact that Mike has ____________.

A) self-important views
B) high self-awareness
C) high self-efficacy
D) a positive self-concept

Question 10

Which theory argues that the development of our identities is connected to particular social groups?

A) Social relationship theory
B) Social perception theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Self-discrepancy theory

Question 11

The expression "the squeaky wheel gets the grease" is associated with which of the following concepts?

A) individualism
B) Western ideology
C) collectivism
D) introspection

Question 12

Jane describes herself as intelligent,kind,a mother,a wife,and an artist.These descriptions of Jane's identity are known as ____________.

A) self-schemas
B) self ideas
C) self-concepts
D) self knowledge

Question 13

The expression "the nail that sticks out gets pounded down" is associated with which of the following concepts?

A) individualism
B) Western ideology
C) collectivism
D) introspection

Question 14

Clive Wearing,a professional musician with detailed knowledge of composers and musical scores,contracted an infection of the brain which damaged his hippocampus.Following the development of the infection,what was Clive Wearing unable to do anymore?

A) He could not name songs he once knew.
B) He was not able to play music.
C) He was not able to recognize his wife by sight.
D) He was not able to name songs he once knew or play music.

Question 15

Individualism places an emphasis on ___________ while collectivism places an emphasis on ___________.

A) independence; autonomy
B) autonomy; independence
C) interdependence; dependence
D) independence; interdependence

Question 16

Researchers who have studied the relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement have found support for which of the following conclusions?

A) People with higher self-efficacy are more likely to achieve personal goals.
B) People with lower self-efficacy are surprisingly more likely to achieve personal goals.
C) There does not appear to be a relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement.
D) The relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement is not clear or well-understood.

Question 17

According to your textbook,our sense of self is affected by which of the following factors?

A) Social factors
B) Personal factors (such as motivation)
C) Cultural factors
D) Social, personal, and cultural factors affect our sense of self

Question 18

Which of the following people is most likely to be from a culture emphasizing collectivism?

A) Megan who describes herself foremost as a creative and unique individual.
B) George who plans to move far away from home to start his own business.
C) Jennifer who plans to devote her time to supporting the family business.
D) Barbara who only visits with her family on special occasions.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about self-schemas is FALSE?

A) Different self-schemas will take on different levels of important for different people.
B) Self-schemas help organize the processing of information related to the self.
C) Self-schemas may take on different levels of importance depending on the situation.
D) Self-schemas usually have the same level of importance across situations.

Question 20

An individual describes herself as motivated,intelligent,creative,and unique.She has several life goals including the pursuit of a law degree,obtaining a high paying job,and purchasing a home of her own.Based on this information,this individual is most likely from:

A) a Western culture
B) a collectivist culture
C) an Eastern culture
D) Japan

Question 21

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is most true?

A) An increase in self-awareness can lead to a desire to escape self-awareness.
B) An increase in self-awareness can lead people to match their attitudes to their behavior.
C) A decrease in self-awareness can lead to increases in self-esteem.
D) Both an increase in self-awareness can lead to a desire to escape self-awareness and increase in self-awareness can lead people to match their attitudes to their behavior.

Question 22

In response to the question "Who am I" an American student would be more likely to reply __________ while a Chinese student would be more likely to reply __________.

A) intelligent; athletic
B) outgoing; artistic
C) American; hard-working
D) Shy; a brother

Question 23

A researcher assessing participants self-concept by having them respond to the question 'who am I?' is using what popular method to measure the self-concept?

A) The identity Inventory
B) Twenty Statements Test
C) Rorschach Inkblot Test
D) The Self-concept Inventory

Question 24

If you had just won the lottery and asked today how you would feel 5 years from now,research suggests you would predict:

A) Feeling very sad
B) Feeling extremely happy and overjoyed
C) Feeling about the same
D) Feeling angry

Question 25

John is trying to decide between two colleges.According to research,John would be happier with his decision if he did the following:

A) Thought long and hard about his decision.
B) Weighed all of the pros and cons of his two choices before making his decision.
C) Spent time talking with his friends and family about the pros and cons of the two choices before making his decision.
D) Made his decision based on his gut feelings about each college.

Question 26

Hull and Young (1983)conducted a study examining the effects of providing individuals with negative feedback about their IQ.Their results indicated that:

A) People placed in front of a mirror were less angry than people who were not placed in front of a mirror.
B) People placed in front of a mirror were angrier than people who were not placed in front of a mirror.
C) People given negative feedback drank more wine than people given positive feedback.
D) People given negative feedback drank less wine than people given positive feedback.

Question 27

You are waiting to hear back from your top college choice.You predict that if you are rejected,you will feel sad about this situation for a very long time.This process refers to ___________.

A) affective forecasting
B) selective filtering
C) affective anticipation
D) perseverance

Question 28

Which theory suggests that our self-concepts are impacted by the degree to which our actual selves match our ideal selves?

A) Self-determination theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Self-discrepancy theory
D) Self-perception theory

Question 29

___________ posits that when we are unsure of our attitude we look to our behavior to infer our attitude toward something,much like an outside observer.

A) Self-discrepancy theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Social comparison theory

Question 30

Danny's father rewards him with ten dollars every time he receives an A in a class.Danny works hard to get as many A's as he can so that he can earn more money.In this example,Danny's behavior would be considered:

A) extrinsically motivated
B) intrinsically motivated
C) inherently motivated
D) unmotivated

Question 31

You and your friends have agreed to exercise and lose weight together.You are hosting a get together with these friends to celebrate a birthday.Based on information presented in your book on self-discrepancy theory,what could you do if you wanted to discourage overindulgence in high calorie foods?

A) Place the food in the hallway in front of a mirror.
B) Place the food in the kitchen so it's further from the guests.
C) Place the food in living room so it's closer to the guests.
D) Serve all the food at one time.

Question 32

What does James Laird believe is the mechanism behind the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) We infer our mood state from other people.
B) Facial expressions bring about physiological changes in the brain which then changes our emotional states.
C) We infer our mood state from our facial expressions.
D) We spend lots of time carefully thinking about our mood state.

Question 33

Introspection refers to which of the following?

A) Quick decision-making
B) Relying on instincts and feelings
C) Thinking about your own thoughts
D) Both quick decision-making and relying on instincts and feelings

Question 34

You start your day by stopping in at the local coffee shop to get your morning cup of caffeine on your way to work.One day you think to yourself,'why do I go to the same coffee shop every morning?' 'Oh,I must go to this coffee shop because I like the taste of the coffee.'This internal dialogue represents which theory?

A) Self-discrepancy theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Social comparison theory

Question 35

Derek is feeling sad.According to the facial feedback hypothesis,what could Derek do that would likely make him feel better?

A) sleep
B) frown
C) smile
D) yawn

Question 36

Roy Baumeister (1991)suggested that which of the following could decrease self-awareness?

A) Spending time with your friends
B) Binge eating
C) Going to the mall
D) Talking on the phone

Question 37

Which of the following factors appears to be important for motivating people to change their behavior to match personal standards?

A) High self-esteem
B) Low self-esteem
C) High self-awareness
D) Low self-awareness

Question 38

In general,how will a large gap between the ideal self and the actual self impact a person's self-mage?

A) A large gap between the ideal and actual self will positively impact a person's self-image.
B) A large gap between the ideal and actual self will have no effect on a person's self-image.
C) A large gap between the ideal and actual self will negatively impact a person's self-image.
D) People do not usually have large gaps between their ideal self and their actual self.

Question 39

What did researchers find when they administered Botox injections that impaired individual's abilities to frown?

A) It took them a shorter time to emotionally process angry and sad statements that they were asked to read.
B) It took them a shorter time to emotionally process happy statements that they were asked to read.
C) It took them a longer time to emotionally process angry and sad statements that they were asked to read.
D) The Botox injections surprisingly did not impact their ability to process emotional information.

Question 40

Which of the following would you do if you wanted to increase Jim's self-awareness?

A) Place Jim in front a mirror.
B) Place Jim in front of a crowd of people.
C) Videotape Jim.
D) Placing Jim in front of a mirror, in front of a crowd, or videotaping him will increase his self-awareness.

Question 41

Deciding who or what is responsible for the outcome of a situation is known as ___________

A) a self-serving attribution.
B) an attribution
C) self-knowledge
D) self-perception

Question 42

Rosemarie wants her son Marc to enjoy playing the violin and be more motivated to practice on his own.Based on research on the overjustication effect,what would be the MOST effective way to intrinsically motivate Marc to practice?

A) Surprise him with 20 dollars after he practices.
B) Promise him a trip to the toy store if he practices every day for a week
C) Promise to pay him 30 dollars every time he practices the violin.
D) Promise to pay him 50 dollars every time he practices the violin.

Question 43

____________ refers to a self-protection strategy in which we are likely to believe that external factors are responsible for situations in which we perform poorly.

A) Self-serving attribution
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Cognitive distortion bias
D) False consensus

Question 44

A teacher decides to give her students stickers every time they finish reading a book.After awhile she chooses not to give out any rewards for reading.She notices that the students are not motivated to read as much as before and don't seem to be enjoying their reading time.This best illustrates what phenomenon?

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Overjustification effect
D) Affective forecasting

Question 45

James is choosing his classes for next semester.He holds a fixed theory of intelligence.Based on this information,James would be likely to:

A) choose some challenging classes
B) choose classes he might not get an A in
C) avoid taking a hard chemistry class
D) take a hard calculus class

Question 46

Researchers have found that positive self-esteem is correlated with positive performance in school and good physical health.What conclusion can you draw from this information?

A) Higher self-esteem causes good physical health.
B) Higher self-esteem causes positive performance in school.
C) Higher self-esteem is associated with both positive performance in school and good physical health.
D) Higher self-esteem causes good physical health and positive performance in school.

Question 47

Rosemarie wants her son Marc to be more motivated to practice the violin on his own.Based on research on the overjustication effect,what would be the LEAST effective way to intrinsically motivate Marc to practice?

A) Surprise him with 20 dollars after he practices.
B) Do not provide him with any reward.
C) Promise to pay him 30 dollars every time he practices the violin.
D) Surprise him with 50 dollars after he practices.

Question 48

___________ refers to the force that drives us to complete a task or achieve a goal.

A) Self-awareness
B) The self-concept
C) Motivation
D) Self-esteem

Question 49

Mark Lepper and his colleagues (1973)asked nursery school children to draw pictures with magic markers,a task they already found intrinsically motivating.One group was promised a reward,a second group was not given a reward,and a third group was provided with a surprise reward.Which group was found to spend the most time drawing the next day when the children were given an opportunity to spend time on the activity of their choosing?

A) The group provided with no reward spent the most time drawing.
B) The group provided with a surprise reward spent the most time drawing.
C) The group provided with a reward spent the most time drawing.
D) The group provided with a reward and the group provided with a surprise reward spent the same amount of time drawing.

Question 50

Which of the following was mentioned in your textbook as being one of the 10 happiest careers?

A) artists
B) lawyers
C) secretaries
D) salesmen

Question 51

Researchers have suggested a downside to the desire for a high level of self-esteem.According to your textbook,which of the following is argued to be a possible drawback to the pursuit and maintenance of high self-esteem?

A) anxiety
B) neglecting others
C) avoiding activities that we might not end in success
D) anxiety, neglecting others, and avoiding activities that might not end in success

Question 52

Charlie practices the piano every day after school because he loves music and finds playing the piano enjoyable.In this example,Charlie's behavior is:

A) extrinsically motivated
B) intrinsically motivated
C) self-serving
D) unmotivated

Question 53

Research on motivation and culture would suggest that Susan,an American child,would be more motivated to perform while engaging in which of the following tasks?

A) A puzzle that her teacher asked her to do
B) Reading a book that he mother picked out for her
C) A board game that her friend picked out.
D) A puzzle that she picked out on her own

Question 54

Under which of the following circumstances would children from collectivist cultures be more motivated to perform when engaging in a task?

A) When they are allowed to choose the task themselves.
B) When they are allowed to spend time thinking about which task they would like to choose.
C) When a trusted figure or peer chooses the task for them.
D) Children from collectivist cultures are always motivated to perform while engaging in a task.

Question 55

Jeremy is choosing his classes for next semester.He holds a growth-based theory of intelligence.Based on this information,Jeremy would be likely to:

A) choose all easy classes
B) choose classes he knows he can get an A in
C) avoid taking a hard calculus class
D) take a hard calculus class

Question 56

Who is known for developing a 10 item self-esteem scale?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Morris Rosenberg
C) Roy Baumeister
D) Daryl Bem

Question 57

Individuals who subscribe to the belief that intelligence level cannot be changed hold a:

A) growth-based theory of intelligence
B) fixed theory of intelligence
C) malleable theory of intelligence
D) flexible theory of intelligence

Question 58

Compared with those how who hold a fixed-theory of intelligence,people who hold a growth-based theory of intelligence are more likely to:

A) avoid really hard tasks
B) set less goals
C) have low self-esteem
D) set goals and face challenges

Question 59

Which of the following represents a major difference between behaviors driven by intrinsic motivation compared with extrinsic motivation?

A) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviors, intrinsically motivated behaviors are driven by enjoyment.
B) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviors, intrinsically motivated behaviors are driven by external rewards.
C) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviors, intrinsically motivated behaviors are driven success.
D) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviors, intrinsically motivated behaviors are driven by money.

Question 60

You are buying a new car and you have narrowed it down to two choices.Both cars have a number of positive and negative features.After you make your choice,you are more likely to remember:

A) just the negative qualities of the car you did not chose.
B) the positive and negative qualities of both cars.
C) the positive qualities of the car you chose and the negative qualities of the car you did not chose.
D) just the positive qualities of the car you chose

Question 61

If you acted consistently across situations and behaved according to your own personal views you would be considered:

A) high in self-monitoring.
B) low in self-monitoring
C) low in self-esteem
D) high in self-efficacy.

Question 62

If Sally has a well-developed sense of self,you would predict she has lower self-efficacy.

Question 63

Researchers have found that in online dating profiles women are more likely to underreport ____________ while men are more likely to over-report ____________.

A) income; weight
B) income; height
C) weight; age
D) weight; height .

Question 64

Jill wants her new sorority sisters to like her so she compliments them on their hair and clothing.Jill is using what strategy to manage other people's impressions of her?

A) Upward social comparison
B) Unrealistic optimism
C) Ingratiation
D) Self-serving attribution

Question 65

When we tend to imagine that the outcomes of situations will be better for us than for other people this is referred to as _____________.

A) BIRGing
B) unrealistic optimism
C) CORFing
D) ingratiation

Question 66

Tom has an important job interview on Monday and he is feeling very nervous.He decides to stay out late on Sunday night with his friends instead of getting a good night's sleep.He now has a handy excuse if he does not perform well during his interview.This illustrates which concept?

A) CORFing
B) Self-handicapping
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Downward social comparison

Question 67

Which of the following concepts explains why sports fans might be more likely to wear clothing supporting their favorite team after a big win instead of after a big loss?

A) CORFing
B) ingratiation
C) BIRGing
D) Upward social comparison

Question 68

John skips all of his classes on most Fridays.He does not think it's a big deal and believes most other people skip classes on Fridays too.This best represents an example of which of the following concepts?

A) Cognitive distortion bias
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Self-serving attribution
D) False consensus effect

Question 69

BIRGing is to ____________ as CORFing is to ____________.

A) rejoicing in reflected glory; cutting off of reflective failure
B) cutting off of reflective failure; rejoicing in reflected glory
C) cutting off of reflective failure; basking in reflected glory
D) basking in reflected glory; cutting off of reflective failure;

Question 70

Your self-concept is made up of various beliefs you hold about yourself.

Question 71

We often think that our beliefs,appearance,and our internal states are obvious to other people.This is known as ____________.

A) a self-serving attribution
B) the spotlight effect
C) social comparison
D) self-monitoring

Question 72

Madeleine did not pass her driver's test.When explaining the situation to her mom,she said 'It wasn't my fault! It was raining and I wasn't feeling very well." Madeleine's excuse is an example of:

A) cognitive distortion bias
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) a self-serving attribution
D) the false consensus effect

Question 73

According to self-verification theory,when our self-concepts are negative:

A) we want other to see us positively.
B) we want other to see us the same way we see ourselves.
C) we want others to boost our self-efficacy.
D) we want others to see us positively and we want others to boost our self-efficacy.

Question 74

Aaron is overweight.To feel better,he often compares himself to individuals who are heavier.This process illustrates:

A) downward social comparison
B) ingratiation
C) BIRGing
D) upward social comparison

Question 75

Under which circumstance are we especially likely to engage in self-handicapping?

A) When we are happy
B) When we are sad
C) When we are nervous about our performance
D) Both when we are sad and when we are uncertain about our performance

Question 76

An individual concerned with gaining financial independence and.
moving away from his family to pursue his music career is likely from an individualistic culture

Question 77

___________ refers to a strategy whereby we disassociate ourselves from others who have failed or behaved poorly.

A) CORFing
B) ingratiation
C) BIRGing
D) downward social comparison

Question 78

According to research presented in your textbook,the false consensus effect may be due,in part,to which of the following?

A) Having friends and family with different views.
B) Having friends and family with similar views.
C) Watching the news.
D) Reading books.

Question 79

Research on unrealistic optimism supports which of the following findings?

A) College students who were unrealistically optimistic about their likelihood of experiencing problems related to binge drinking were less likely to have alcohol-related problems.
B) College students who were unrealistically optimistic about their likelihood of experiencing problems related to binge drinking were more likely to have alcohol-related problems.
C) Unrealistic optimism makes people less likely to drive after drinking
D) Unrealistically optimistic students are more likely to spend time studying than pessimistic students

Question 80

Which theory argues that we compare ourselves to others in different situations because there is no given standard against which to measure our abilities and opinions?

A) Self-discrepancy theory
B) Self-verification theory
C) Social comparison theory
D) Group comparison theory