Deck 6: Attitudes: Making Evaluations About the World

Question 1

Johnny was in a boating accident when he was little.He realizes that his negative attitude towards the ocean stems from his bad childhood experience.Johnny's attitude towards the ocean represents what type of attitude?

A) An explicit attitude.
B) An unconscious attitude.
C) An implicit attitude.
D) An Internal attitude.

Answer 1

An explicit attitude.

Question 2

Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym.She believes that spending time at the gym benefits her health.This represents which component of her attitude?

A) Behavior
B) Affect
C) Cognition
D) Both behavior and cognition

Answer 2

Cognition

Question 3

If George likes Italian food and he is invited by his friend to try a new Italian restaurant,he most likely will hold a positive attitude toward these plans.This best illustrates the notion of:

A) ambivalence.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) cognitive consistency.
D) cognitive strength.

Answer 3

cognitive consistency.

Question 4

Possessing simultaneously strong contradictory emotions and motivations is defined as:

A) an implicit attitude.
B) an explicit attitude.
C) an ambivalent attitude.
D) an attitude.

Question 5

Bob was recently in a car accident that paralyzed him from the waist down.He realizes the driver that hit him was not to blame,but he has very mixed emotions towards this person.Bob's attitude is ___________.

A) ambivalent
B) strange
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 6

Psychologist Laurie A.Rudman identified which of the following as a factor that differentiates between implicit and explicit attitudes?

A) Early experiences.
B) Affective experiences.
C) Cultural biases.
D) Early experiences, affective experiences, and cultural biases.

Question 7

___________ is defined as having an evaluative component towards a stimulus that is made up of affective,behavioral,and cognitive information.

A) An attitude
B) An ambivalent attitude
C) Aptitude
D) Observational learning

Question 8

Why do affective experiences seem to have more of an effect on implicit attitudes than on explicit attitudes?

A) Because affective experiences are related to cognitive control
B) Because affective experiences are related to controlled processing
C) Because affective experiences are related to automatic reactions
D) Because affective experiences are related to consciousness

Question 9

What have researchers found with respect to how the brain responds to positive,negative,and neutral stimuli?

A) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to negative stimuli compared with positive stimuli
B) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to neutral stimuli compared with negative stimuli
C) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to positive stimuli compared with negative stimuli.
D) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to neutral stimuli compared with positive stimuli.

Question 10

Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym.She feels happy when she is able to spend time exercising.This represents which component of her attitude?

A) Behavior
B) Affect
C) Cognition
D) Both affect and cognition

Question 11

Johnny was in a boating accident when he was little.Now he has an automatic fearful reaction to the ocean.Johnny's attitude towards the ocean represents a(n):

A) explicit attitude
B) conscious attitude
C) implicit attitude
D) internal attitude

Question 12

When you are forming an attitude about an idea,object,or person you are more likely to focus on the negative information over the positive information.This is termed __________.

A) attitude ambivalence
B) mere exposure
C) negativity bias
D) the pessimism effect

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT considered one of main components of an attitude?

A) Cognition
B) Affect
C) Behavior
D) Aptitude

Question 14

Affective experiences are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) External attitudes
B) Implicit attitudes
C) Conscious attitudes
D) Uncertain attitudes

Question 15

Which of the following types of attitudes is most closely associated with cognitive control?

A) Unconscious attitudes
B) Ambivalent attitudes
C) Implicit attitudes
D) Explicit attitudes

Question 16

Which of the following statements about implicit attitudes is most true?

A) Implicit attitudes are within are awareness.
B) Implicit attitudes are consciously activated.
C) Implicit attitudes are formed over a longer period of time.
D) Implicit attitudes are automatically activated.

Question 17

An attitude that one recognizes and can control is known as a(n)__________ attitude.

A) explicit attitude
B) unconscious attitude
C) implicit attitude
D) internal attitude

Question 18

According to your textbook,what is one suggested reason why we are more likely to pay attention to negative information over positive information?

A) Because we spend time with other people who focus on negative information.
B) Because we learn this tendency from our peers.
C) Because our culture teaches us to focus on the negative.
D) Because paying attention to negative information would aid in our survival by helping us to avoid potential dangers.

Question 19

Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by __________ in his famous experiment with dogs.

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Albert Bandura
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Edward Thorndike

Question 20

Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym.She goes to the gym to workout 5 days a week.This represents which component of her attitude?

A) behavior
B) affect
C) cognition
D) both behavior and affect

Question 21

What do positive punishment and negative punishment have in common?

A) They are both designed to increase a desired behavior.
B) They both involve the addition of an undesirable stimulus.
C) They are both designed to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
D) They both involve the removal of something pleasurable.

Question 22

A parent offers her child a toy every time he cleans his room.In this example,offering a toy represents which of the following?

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 23

____________ is defined as a response that occurs automatically in response to some stimulus,without learning taking place.

A) Conditioned response
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Unconditioned stimulus
D) Unconditioned response

Question 24

A teacher rewards his students with a piece of candy every time they pass in their homework on time.The number of students who turn their homework on the due date increases.This illustrates what type of learning?

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) explicit learning

Question 25

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the conditioned stimulus?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The doctor

Question 26

Which of the following has been found to influence the formation and development of attitudes?

A) Observational learning.
B) Operant conditioning.
C) Classical conditioning.
D) Observational learning, operant learning, and classical learning.

Question 27

According to the name-letter effect Matthew Morrison will:

A) prefer the letter 'M' over other letters in the alphabet.
B) prefer the name Matthew over other names.
C) dislike his initials.
D) prefer the letter 'M' over other letters and prefer the name Matthew.

Question 28

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the unconditioned response?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The doctor

Question 29

Your parents are trying to reduce the number of times you skip your high school classes.They take away your phone privileges every time they find out you did not go to class.This is an example of:

A) Negative reinforcement.
B) Positive reinforcement.
C) Positive punishment.
D) Negative punishment.

Question 30

Research shows that people with names like Tanya are more likely to live in Tampa and people with names like Sarah are more likely live in Sarasota.What can conclude from this research?

A) We can conclude that having certain initials is correlated with certain outcomes.
B) We can conclude that living in a place that starts with an 'S' causes people choose names that start with an 'S'.
C) We can conclude that living in a place that starts with a 'T' causes people choose names that start with a 'T'.
D) We can conclude that having a name that starts with a 'T' causes people to live in places that start with a 'T'.

Question 31

Mere exposure does not increase liking in all cases.Which of the following has been identified as a time when mere exposure will likely not result in a more positive attitude?

A) When people have an initial negative reaction to a stimulus.
B) When people are overexposed to a stimulus.
C) When people have an initial neutral response to a stimulus.
D) Either when people have an initial negative reaction or are over exposed to a stimulus.

Question 32

Tommy's mom wants him to clean his room more often.She decides she will not make him do the dishes if cleans his room.This is an example of:

A) Negative reinforcement.
B) Positive reinforcement.
C) Positive punishment.
D) Negative punishment.

Question 33

Spanking is an example of:

A) Negative reinforcement.
B) Positive reinforcement.
C) Positive punishment.
D) Negative punishment.

Question 34

Operant conditioning occurs through the mechanisms of reinforcement and punishment.What is a major difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A) Reinforcement involves increasing a behavior while punishment involves decreasing a behavior.
B) Reinforcement involves decreasing a behavior while punishment involves increasing a behavior.
C) Reinforcement involves stabilizing a behavior while punishment involves decreasing a behavior.
D) There is no major difference between reinforcement and punishment.

Question 35

____________ is defined as a stimulus that elicits a response automatically,without learning taking place.

A) Conditioned response
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Unconditioned stimulus
D) Unconditioned response

Question 36

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the conditioned response?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The increased heart rate in response to the small hospital room

Question 37

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the unconditioned stimulus?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The doctor

Question 38

Operant conditioning was first discovered by:

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) B.F. Skinner.
D) Edward Thorndike.

Question 39

Which method of learning involves rewarding desirable behavior and punishing undesirable behavior?

A) Observational learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) explicit learning

Question 40

Jane tries on a new pair of shoes and thinks that they look just 'ok'.Jane finds that after going back to the store and trying the shoes on again that she really likes the way they look on her.Jane's increased liking can be explained by which of the following?

A) The name letter effect
B) Mere exposure effect
C) Operant conditioning
D) Observational learning

Question 41

Which of the following represents a main criticism of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)?

A) The IAT only measures explicit attitudes.
B) The IAT measures associations of adjectives with specific groups but does not necessarily reflect an individual's real attitude.
C) The IAT only measures conscious attitudes.
D) The IAT does not capture associations between concepts.

Question 42

Although research by LaPiere (1934)demonstrated that attitudes were not very predicative of behavior,what was described as one important flaw of his study?

A) It is not clear whether the people who answered LaPiere's questions were the same people who served the Chinese couple.
B) The sample size was very small.
C) The samples size was too big.
D) The self-report questionnaire measuring attitudes was not well designed.

Question 43

If a researcher wants to assess implicit attitudes,she should probably NOT use a self-report measure because:

A) self-report measures are very difficult to administer to participants.
B) self-report measures are generally unreliable.
C) people are often unaware of their implicit attitudes.
D) self-report measures often take a long time for participants to fill out.

Question 44

Bob is watching a news show on the issue of abortion.As a result,his attitude about abortion is now active in his consciousness.This demonstrates the idea of __________

A) Attitude accessibility
B) Attitude strength
C) Attitude specificity
D) Both attitude specificity and attitude accessibility

Question 45

Who conducted a classic study illustrating the idea that attitudes are not always predicative of behavior?

A) Richard LaPiere.
B) Martin Fishbein
C) Edward Thorndike.
D) Albert Bandura.

Question 46

Observational learning is another name for:

A) modeling.
B) unconscious learning.
C) classic conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 47

Researchers have found that lung cancer patients who are optimistic tend to live longer than those with patients with a pessimistic attitude.According to your textbook,what was one suggested reason for the difference in survival rates?

A) Pessimists tended to smoke more.
B) Pessimists may have made poorer choices with respect to their treatment.
C) Optimists had at a better prognosis when first diagnosed
D) Pessimists had a more advanced stage of lung cancer.

Question 48

Which theory states that attitudes,social norms,and perceived control will lead to the intention to perform a behavior?

A) Theory of planned behavior
B) Social learning theory
C) Theory of reasoned action
D) Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 49

Emma is trying to decide if she wants to exercise.She thinks exercise is important and knows that her doctor,friends,and family think it's a good idea for her to exercise.However,she is not sure if she is too out of shape to initiate an exercise routine.The favorable attitude that her doctor,friends,and family hold regarding her exercise behavior best represents which component of the theory of planned behavior?

A) Attitudes
B) Perceived control
C) Subjective norms
D) Cultural norms

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding the effect of observational learning on attitudes is true?

A) Attitudes formed through observational learning are never strong.
B) Attitudes formed through observational learning cannot be reversed.
C) Attitudes formed through observational learning can be reversed.
D) Attitudes formed through observational learning are not long-lasting.

Question 51

What did early research by LaPiere (1934)and Corey (1937)suggest about the relationship between attitudes and behavior?

A) It did not suggest anything about the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
B) Behavior predicts attitudes.
C) Attitudes predict behavior.
D) Attitudes do not always predict behavior.

Question 52

___________ measures how easily we associate categories with positive or negative attitudes?

A) The Implicit Association Test
B) The Intrinsic Association Test
C) The Non-conscious Association Test.
D) The Basic Associations Test

Question 53

During her childhood,Holly sees that her mother disapproves of same-sex marriages.Through watching her mother,Holly ends up adopting a similar viewpoint.This could be considered an example of what type of learning?

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Observational learning, operant learning, and classical learning

Question 54

If people were unaware of their attitudes,you would probably want to AVOID using what type of attitude measure?

A) The Implicit Association Test.
B) A self-report measure.
C) Unobtrusive observation.
D) Implicit Association Test or unobtrusive observation.

Question 55

If a researcher wants to know whether college students attitudes toward recycling predict their recycling behavior which of the following questions should she ask?

A) Is it important for citizens to recycle?
B) How do you feel about the environment?
C) Is recycling important to college students?
D) Do you feel it is important for you to recycle?

Question 56

Researchers have found that optimistic attitudes predict:

A) decreased life expectancy.
B) decreased immune functioning.
C) increased immune functioning.
D) decreased life expectancy and decreased immune functioning

Question 57

James is trying to decide if he wants to exercise.He thinks exercise is important and knows that his doctor,friends,and family want him to exercise.However,he is not sure if he is too out of shape to initiate an exercise routine.His belief that he might not be able to engage in exercise because of his fitness level best represents which component of the theory of planned behavior?

A) Attitudes
B) Perceived control
C) Social norms
D) Cultural norms

Question 58

What can researchers do to help minimize the tendency for participants to report socially desirable responses and encourage answers that are truthful?

A) They can use self-report measures.
B) They can use explicit attitude measures.
C) They can threaten participants.
D) They can employ the 'bogus pipeline' strategy.

Question 59

Personally relevant attitudes are argued to have what kind of effect on behavior?

A) Personally relevant attitudes have no impact on behavior.
B) Personally relevant attitudes decrease the likelihood of behavior.
C) Personally relevant attitudes increase the likelihood of behavior.
D) Personally relevant attitudes decrease the likelihood of behavior through decreasing the strength and accessibility of the attitude.

Question 60

The theory of planned behavior suggests that which of the following leads to behavior?

A) Attitudes
B) Extroversion
C) Perceived control
D) Perceived control and attitudes

Question 61

The "new look" model of cognitive dissonance postulates 4 steps that must occur for people to experience and attempt to reduce cognitive dissonance.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of those steps?

A) People have to feel very little guilt.
B) People have to perceive personal responsibility for a negative outcome.
C) People have to perceive that there are negative consequences to their behavior.
D) People have to attribute their discomfort to the behavior in question.

Question 62

The specificity,personal relevance,and accessibility of an attitude does not appear to be important for predicting behavior.

Question 63

The statement that taking vitamins is good for your health represents the cognitive component of an attitude.

Question 64

Jerry has been watching news stories about terrorist attacks all week which means that he will likely think about terrorism and terrorists more often.

Question 65

Jill is trying to decide between a red prom dress that she really likes and a black prom dress that she also really likes.Even though she likes both dresses about the same,she decides to choose the red dress.Now she feels the red dress was actually a better choice and that it looks much better on her than the black dress.Which of the following ideas best accounts for her change in opinion?

A) Attitude accessibility
B) Post-decisional dissonance
C) Attitude strength
D) Attitude specificity

Question 66

If we experience some form of reinforcement for a behavior,our attitude should get more positive toward that behavior.

Question 67

Which of the following factors does a researcher need to take into consideration if she wants to be able to predict participants' behaviors?

A) The specificity of the attitude
B) The personal relevance of an attitude
C) The accessibility of an attitude
D) The researcher would need to consider the specificity, personal relevance, and accessibility of the attitude.

Question 68

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)asked participants to perform a boring task and then paid them either $20 or $1 to lie to the next participant,telling them that the task was enjoyable.Afterwards they asked participants to rate how much they liked the task.Participants who received $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than participants who received $20.What has been proposed as a likely reason for this result?

A) The participants paid $20 actually liked the task but lied about how they felt.
B) The participants paid $1 actually disliked the task but lied about how they felt.
C) The participants paid $1 did not have sufficient justification for lying so changed their attitude to match their behavior.
D) The participants paid $20 experienced cognitive dissonance.

Question 69

Research suggests that an attitudinal shift as a result of cognitive dissonance is much more likely to occur when the counterattitudinal behavior is conducted in front of others.This finding supports which of the following statements?

A) People are more concerned with appearing consistent in their attitudes in the eyes of others than they are with actually being consistent.
B) People are concerned with holding attitudes that are consistent with their behavior.
C) People are never concerned with holding attitudes that are consistent with their behavior.
D) Attitudes often do not match behavior

Question 70

Attitudes,social norms,and perceived behavioral control comprise.
components of self-affirmation theory.

Question 71

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)asked participants to perform a boring task and then paid them either 20 dollars or 1 dollar to lie to the next participant by telling them that the study was enjoyable.Afterwards they asked participants to rate how much they liked the task.The 'surprising' finding from Festinger and Carlsmith's study was:

A) The participants paid $20 reported liking the task more than those paid $1.
B) The participants paid $1 reported liking the task more than those paid $20.
C) Those paid $20 reported the same level of liking as participants paid $1.
D) The participants paid $20 really liked the task but lied to researchers about their level of enjoyment.

Question 72

Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus in order to increase a behavior.

Question 73

Which theory suggests that,in the face of threat,people will try to restore their self-worth by reaffirming their values?

A) Self-perception theory
B) Self-affirmation theory
C) Cognitive dissonance theory
D) Self-discrepancy theory

Question 74

Research on cognitive dissonance suggests that one way we could promote healthy behavior is to:

A) Pay people money to engage in healthy behaviors.
B) Provide information about the risk of contracting diseases if one does not engage in healthy behaviors.
C) Discuss the public's susceptibility to illness.
D) Make people aware of the inconsistency between their attitudes toward their health and their health behaviors.

Question 75

An attitude that is accessible all the time refers to ___________.

A) accessibility
B) chronic accessibility
C) acute accessibility
D) specificity

Question 76

The Implicit Associations Test is a measure used to assess explicit attitudes.

Question 77

If we paid people a great deal of money to perform a behavior inconsistent with their attitude,research suggests people would experience cognitive dissonance,and therefore change their attitude to match their behavior.

Question 78

Joe wants his boss to think he's a hard worker.Whenever his boss walks by his office he starts to type furiously on his computer.Joe is engaging in which of the following?

A) False consensus
B) Self-affirmation
C) Impression management
D) Post-decisional dissonance

Question 79

Anna will likely experience post-decisional dissonance after she chooses between two equally attractive colleges.

Question 80

Affect is one main component of an attitude.