Question 1

Mini, Little and Big are all descriptors for which of the following peptides?&#10;A) Secretin&#10;B) Parathyroid hormone&#10;C) Gastrin&#10;D) Cholecystokinin

Accepted Answer

Mini, Little, and Big are different forms of the peptide hormone Gastrin, which vary in their amino acid length and biological activity.

Question 2

The structure of cholecystokinin (CCK) is described as:&#10;A) Linear polypeptide with multiple molecular forms.&#10;B) Folded and twisted protein.&#10;C) Large polysaccharide.&#10;D) Saturated fatty acid.

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. It exists in multiple molecular forms, each consisting of a linear chain of amino acids (a polypeptide), rather than being a folded protein, polysaccharide, or fatty acid.

Question 3

Which of the following compounds key physiological action includes stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of hyperglycemia and increasing intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion?&#10;A) Bile acid&#10;B) Gastrin&#10;C) Secretin&#10;D) Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide

Accepted Answer

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, stimulates insulin secretion in the presence of elevated blood glucose levels. It does not directly increase intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion; that part of the question might be misleading. However, GIP's primary role is in insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia.

Question 4

Which of the following represents two primary functions of the GI tract?&#10;A) Assimilation of nutrients and elimination of waste&#10;B) Anaerobic respiration and bicarbonate excretion&#10;C) Release of hypothalamic factors and maintenance of blood pressure&#10;D) Detoxification of drugs and transmethylation of drug metabolites

Accepted Answer

The GI tract primarily functions to assimilate nutrients from food into the body and eliminate waste products from the body, aligning with choice A. Anaerobic respiration and bicarbonate excretion (B) are not primary functions of the GI tract. The release of hypothalamic factors and maintenance of blood pressure (C) are functions related to the endocrine and cardiovascular systems, respectively. Detoxification of drugs and transmethylation of drug metabolites (D) are primarily liver functions, not functions of the GI tract.

Question 5

Transmural inflammation is associated with:&#10;A) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.&#10;B) Bile salt malabsorption.&#10;C) Crohn's disease.&#10;D) Celiac disease.

Accepted Answer

Transmural inflammation, which affects the entire thickness of the bowel wall, is a characteristic feature of Crohn's disease.

Question 6

A gastrinoma is classified as which of the following?&#10;A) Pituitary adenoma&#10;B) Neuroendocrine tumor (NET)&#10;C) Hematoma&#10;D) Glomma

Accepted Answer

Gastrinomas are a type of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) that originate from the G cells in the pancreas or duodenum and secrete gastrin, leading to excessive stomach acid production.

Question 7

Which of the following GI disorders is characterized by a modified gut immune function?&#10;A) Celiac disease&#10;B) Carcinoid tumor&#10;C) Achalasia&#10;D) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Accepted Answer

Celiac disease is characterized by a modified gut immune function, as it is an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

Question 8

Which of the following cells contain cholecystokinin (CCK)?&#10;A) G cells from the gut&#10;B) B cells from the pancreas&#10;C) S cells from the salivary glands&#10;D) I cells from the upper small intestinal mucosa

Accepted Answer

I cells from the upper small intestinal mucosa are responsible for the production of cholecystokinin (CCK), which plays a key role in digestion by stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile, and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.

Question 9

Which of the following is test(s) are clinically useful for assessing patients with possible mucosal blood loss?&#10;A) 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid&#10;B) Serum glucose and insulin&#10;C) Serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC)&#10;D) Whole blood lead

Accepted Answer

Serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) are clinically useful tests for assessing patients with possible mucosal blood loss because they can indicate iron deficiency anemia, which is a common consequence of chronic blood loss. Low serum iron levels and high TIBC are indicative of iron deficiency.

Question 10

Which of the following is a useful clinical laboratory test for bile salt malabsorption?&#10;A) Measurement of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol&#10;B) Measurement of 7?-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one&#10;C) Measurement of cholesterol&#10;D) Measurement of cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)

Accepted Answer

Measurement of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a useful clinical laboratory test for bile salt malabsorption. This test measures a precursor in bile acid synthesis, which can be elevated in conditions of bile acid malabsorption.

Question 11

Which of the following clinical laboratory tests is useful for diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?&#10;A) Basal acid output and IgM&#10;B) Serum measurement of IgM and CagA&#10;C) Serum measurement of IgA, IgG, and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)&#10;D) Alpha -1-antitrypsin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following clinical laboratory tests...

Question 12

A patient with suspected protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) would have which of the following laboratory results?&#10;A) Fecal clearance of alpha-1-antitrypsin&#10;B) No change in serum protein or albumin&#10;C) Decreased serum protein and increased albumin&#10;D) Elevated serum protein and albumin

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient with suspected protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)...

Question 13

Which of the following GI peptides relaxes smooth muscles of gut, blood, and genitourinary system; increases water and electrolyte secretion; and stimulates the release of hormones from pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus?

A) Gastrin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
D) Secretin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following GI peptides relaxes...

Question 14

Which of the following statements is correct regarding glycocholic and taurocholate acid?&#10;A) They are carbohydrates synthesized in the liver.&#10;B) They are bile acids synthesized in the liver.&#10;C) They are bile acids synthesized in the kidney.&#10;D) They are triglycerides synthesized in the liver.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is correct...

Question 15

Which of the following test results are correct for a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?&#10;A) Elevated serum gastrin, increase in basal gastric acid output&#10;B) Decrease serum gastrin, decreased in basal gastric acid output&#10;C) Elevated serum gastrin, decreased in basal gastric acid output&#10;D) Decrease serum gastrin, increase in basal gastric acid output

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following test results are...

Question 16

The cutoff point for fasting serum glucose in the lactose tolerance test is > 30 mg/dL (> 1.7 mmol/L). Which of the following is the correct interpretation for a patient whose fasting serum glucose is < 20 mg/dL (<1.1 mmol/L)?

A) The patient has a lactase intolerance.
B) The patient is lactose intolerant.
C) The patient has Crohn's diseases.
D) The patient is lactose tolerant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cutoff point for fasting serum glucose...

Question 17

The consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin can lead to which of the following?&#10;A) Heart attack&#10;B) Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)&#10;C) Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome&#10;D) Helicobacter pylori disease

Accepted Answer

The answer of The consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)...

Question 18

Which of the following laboratory results is consistent with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)?&#10;A) Hyperproteinemia&#10;B) Hypoalbuminemia&#10;C) Hyponatremia&#10;D) Hypercholesterolemia

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following laboratory results is...

Deck 16: Gastrointestinal Function