Deck 12: Body Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis

Question 1

Which of the following conditions will cause an increase anion gap?

A) Pulmonary fibrosis
B) Hypoaldosteronism
C) Renal failure
D) Hyperkalemia

Answer 1

Renal failure

Question 2

The anion gap is determined from which of the following groups of electrolytes?

A) Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium
B) Sodium, chloride, potassium, and HCO₃^-
C) Sodium, chloride, potassium, and phosphorus
D) TCO₂, chloride, potassium, and magnesium

Answer 2

Sodium, chloride, potassium, and HCO₃^-

Question 3

A sweat chloride greater than 60 mEq/L is consistent with which of the following disorder?

A) Multiple sclerosis
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Muscular dystrophy
D) Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 3

Cystic fibrosis

Question 4

Which of the following enzyme is used in several methods to measure serum total carbon dioxide?

A) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
B) Phosphoenolcarboxylase
C) Glucose oxidase
D) Mercuric thiocyanate

Question 5

Patients with hyponatremia may show signs of hypovolemia which is defined as:

A) Low blood protein levels.
B) High blood potassium levels.
C) Low blood volume.
D) Low blood pressure.

Question 6

Which of the following disorders may develop due to increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the hypothalamus in the absence of appropriate osmolar or volume stimuli?

A) Diabetic ketoacidosis
B) Hypocorticolism
C) Hyperaldosteronism
D) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Question 7

Chloride in sweat can be measured by which of the following techniques?

A) pH electrodes
B) Coulometry and amperometry
C) Photometry
D) Gas sensing electrodes

Question 8

In the blood, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with which of the following ions?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Chloride
D) Phosphate

Question 9

Which of the following mechanisms aid in the transport of K⁺ into the cell against a concentration gradient?

A) Na⁺ ·/Cl^- pump
B) Na⁺/K⁺- ATP pump
C) Isohydric shift
D) K⁺- HCO₃^- - ATP pump

Question 10

Which of the following compounds function to reduce the venous pressure that occurs with a given increase in blood volume, increasing vascular permeability and promoting natriuretic and diuresis?

A) C-type natriuretic peptide
B) Renin
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide
D) Angiotensin II

Question 11

Measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride are commonly performed in laboratories using which of the following?

A) Ion selective electrodes
B) Colorimetry
C) Photometry
D) Gas chromatography

Question 12

Calculate the anion gap given the following data: Sodium = 145 mEq/L; Chloride = 102 mEq/L; and HCO₃^- = 20 mEq/L.

A) 23 mEq/L
B) -23 mEq/L
C) 63 mEq/L
D) 120 mEq/L

Question 13

Which of the following conditions is associated with hypernatremia?

A) Hypoaldosteronism
B) Burns
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Diarrhea

Question 14

Plasma osmolality can be calculated using which of the following?

A) Na + Cl + K + HCO₃
B) Na + 2(HCO3) + Urea nitrogen - glucose
C) 2(Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)
D) Glucose + 2(Na) - 2 (BUN)

Question 15

A patient with a toxic level of blood alcohol would cause which of the following?

A) A decreased osmol gap
B) An increased osmol gap
C) An osmol gap of zero
D) No change in the osmol gap

Question 16

Freezing point depression is one of the:

A) Colligative properties of a solution.
B) Isoelectric point of a solution.
C) Physical properties of an ice cube.
D) Principle temperatures on the Kelvin scale.

Question 17

Electrolyte exclusion effect is characterized as which of the following?

A) A falsely low serum chloride in a grossly lipemic specimen
B) A falsely low serum sodium result in an icteric specimen
C) A falsely low serum sodium result in a hemolyzed specimen
D) A falsely low serum sodium result in a grossly lipemic specimen

Question 18

A family of peptides called natriuretic peptides serves to regulate:

A) Potassium levels.
B) Sodium and water metabolism.
C) Glucose metabolism.
D) Chloride excretion.

Question 19

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that:

A) Suppresses ADH secretion.
B) Stimulates ADH secretion and thirst.
C) Suppresses aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
D) Reduces NaCl reabsorption by the proximal tubule.