Deck 14: Ethnic Economiesdo Cultures Have Economies

Question 1

The workforce is generally sorted so that certain ethnic groups are _______________ concentrated in particular kinds of jobs.

A) Proportionately
B) Disproportionately
C) Uniformly
D) Equitably
E) Evenly

Answer 1

Disproportionately

Question 2

Ethnic identity is a notable ______________ in many conventional economic analyses.

A) Omission
B) Hypothesis
C) Focus
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Answer 2

Omission

Question 3

Ethnicity should be used as a concept to refer to shared ___________ rather than innate characteristics.

A) Practices
B) Norms
C) Characteristics
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

The collection of skills, qualifications, and experience a worker brings to the market is:

A) Work experience
B) Maturity
C) Human capital
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 5

The labor market is, ______________, blind to the visible or cultural differences that an individual might exhibit.

A) At the national scale
B) In theory
C) In reality
D) Always
E) Rarely

Question 6

Many immigrants around the world find that the human capital associated with their education or professional experience can be substantially ____________ across international space.

A) Devalued
B) Valued
C) Accelerated
D) Improved
E) Honored

Question 7

Which of the following institutions decide who will be licensed to practice within their jurisdiction?

A) Colleges of physicians
B) Bar associations
C) Professional engineering societies
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 8

Institutions that govern labor markets in particular territories tend to create barriers to ____________ mobility for geographically mobile people.

A) Upward
B) Lateral
C) Physical
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 9

An example of a major immigrant-receiving country is:

A) Bangladesh
B) Poland
C) Australia
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 10

In this phenomenon, certain neighborhoods are strongly associated with particular ethnic groups:

A) Housing clusters
B) Residential segregation
C) Ethnic mobility
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 11

In this phenomenon, many visible minority immigrants have to travel much further to work than their white and non-immigrant counterparts.

A) Spatial mismatch
B) Ethnic trajectories
C) Cluster effects
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 12

Ethnic residential segregation can translate into occupational:

A) Injuries
B) Mobility
C) Segmentation
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 13

The idea of a "labor market" assumes that buyers and sellers of labor power (i.e., employers and their employees) will know about all possible alternatives in terms of:

A) Jobs available
B) Current market trends in wages
C) Educational expectations
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 14

The construction of institutional barriers to entering certain kinds of professions is based on administrative territories and jurisdictions, and the migrant populations that move between them are often ______________ in the process.

A) Upgraded
B) De-professionalized
C) Welcomed
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 15

Immigrants from minority ethnic groups often show a ________________ to establish their own businesses than members of the host societies in which they have settled.

A) Higher tendency
B) Lower tendency
C) Stronger desire
D) Weaker desire
E) Lack of will

Question 16

A common example of an ethnic business includes which of the following?

A) Restaurants
B) Grocery stores
C) Travel agencies
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 17

Ethnic enterprises typically extend into which of the following less visible activities?

A) Banking
B) Construction and manufacturing
C) Real estate
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 18

Where immigrant groups have been quickly assimilated into the waged labor force, studies have shown that levels of self-employment are generally:

A) High
B) Sustainable
C) Impossible to determine
D) Satisfactory
E) Low

Question 19

Co-ethnic networks provide which of the following forms of capital for the initial establishment of a business?

A) Credit during its operation
B) Market intelligence
C) Access to customers
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 20

In the early part of the 20th century, Chinese immigrants in North America established restaurants and laundry businesses because they were largely excluded from all but the most menial of tasks in the waged labor force. This motivation for self-employment is often referred to as the:

A) Blocked mobility thesis
B) Restaurant rationalization
C) Service sector thesis
D) Ethnic sector thesis
E) Glass ceiling

Question 21

An ethnic enclave economy involves a collection of entirely _____________ economic relations.

A) Inter-ethnic
B) Multicultural
C) Intra-ethnic
D) Contra-ethnic
E) Detached

Question 22

Which of the following ethnic differences still forms a basis for the marginalization of some groups in modern immigrant-receiving societies?

A) Religious
B) Linguistic
C) National dress
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 23

Several major destination countries have put in place "business immigrant" programs that grant residency or citizenship to individuals with:

A) Promising business ideas
B) Entrepreneurial experience and large amounts of financial capital to invest
C) Entrepreneurial experience but no access to financial capital to invest
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 24

Ethnic business clusters are usually located in the heart of ___________________ associated with the same ethnic group.

A) Residential neighborhoods
B) Industrial production complexes
C) Manufacturing zones
D) Export Processing Zones
E) Border regions

Question 25

A ________________ collectively forms a tangible basis for the nurturing and maintenance of an ethnic identity.

A) Diverse neighborhood
B) Hostile labor market
C) Spatial enclave
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 26

This refers to the result of an ethnic economy conducting business exclusively by, and for, members of the same ethnic group as a result of clustering.

A) Closure of an ethnic economy
B) Reformulation of a migrant economy
C) Inner-city ethnic reformulation
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 27

From a negative point of view, ethnic economies can be seen as:

A) Marginalizing
B) Providing poor wages and working conditions
C) Exploitative
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 28

Suburban residential and business areas with a noticeable cluster of a particular ethnic population:

A) Ethnic ghettoes
B) Suburban zones
C) Ethnic rural regions
D) Ethnozones
E) Ethnoburbs

Question 29

Ethnic bonds result in consumers and clients gravitating toward businesses that provide:

A) Friendly customer service
B) Modern surroundings
C) A familiar environment
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 30

Immigrants maintain close ties with their country of origin. These ties are global in their reach and have been collectively labeled:

A) Plurality
B) Multiculturalism
C) Transnationalism
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 31

Financial _____________ represent money sent from immigrants abroad to family members left behind in their home country.

A) Grants
B) Trade-offs
C) Allowances
D) Budgets
E) Remittances

Question 32

Globally, officially recorded remittances to developing countries in 2010 amounted to:

A) US$440 billion
B) US$40 billion
C) US$440 million
D) US$40 million
E) US$4 million

Question 33

Across the developing world, remittances are now worth ________________ the amount provided by official development assistance (i.e., aid) from all sources.

A) Less than one-tenth of
B) Less than 1% of
C) The same as
D) More than double
E) More than 100 times

Question 34

Chinese (or Guanxi) capitalism draws on both familial and cultural relationships and is based on the principle of:

A) Reciprocity
B) Reputation
C) Trust
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 35

Principles of Chinese (or Guanxi) capitalism apply to relationships between:

A) Competitors
B) Contractors and suppliers
C) Employers and employees
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 36

How do the concepts of ethnicity and race differ? Which is a more useful analytical category, and why?

Question 37

Discuss three differences between a Chinese ethnic enclave in a downtown setting and a Chinese ethnic enclave in a suburban setting-i.e., "Chinatowns" versus "ethnoburbs."

Question 38

Present two arguments supporting and two arguments opposing the usefulness of foreign remittances to migrant-sending, developing countries.