Deck 21: The Age of Reform

Question 1

The progressives were

A) challenging the fundamental principles of capitalism.
B) a totally brand-new movement.
C) never a single group seeking a single objective.
D) united in their vision of how to reform America.

Answer 1

never a single group seeking a single objective.

Question 2

One of the roots of progressivism was the late-nineteenth-century

A) effort to regulate and control big business.
B) decline in immigration.
C) attempt to build an overseas empire.
D) harmony between management and labor.

Answer 2

effort to regulate and control big business.

Question 3

A major economic development between 1897 and 1904 was the

A) devaluation of the dollar.
B) acceleration of the tendency toward industrial concentration.
C) successful unionization of basic industries such as steel.
D) major depression brought on by Cleveland's tight money policies.

Answer 3

acceleration of the tendency toward industrial concentration.

Question 4

Many in the middle class were attracted to progressive reforms because they

A) sought to join conservative business forces in their triumph over working-class socialism.
B) feared that their sense of personal importance and ambitions were undermined by aggressive labor unions.
C) could make a pragmatic alliance with the "new" urban immigrants who were the backbone of new militant labor unions.
D) felt their ambitions and sense of importance were undermined by the new giant corporations.

Question 5

A denunciation of the "American character" came from the editor of which of the following publications?

A) McClure's
B) Atlantic Monthly
C) The New York Times
D) McCall's

Question 6

A leading magazine editor and crusading reformer of the early twentieth century was

A) Eugene V. Debs.
B) S. S. McClure.
C) Theodore Roosevelt.
D) E. A. Ross.

Question 7

Theodore Roosevelt called the progressive-era journalists who investigated corruption and fraud in American business and politics

A) muckrakers.
B) yellow journalists.
C) paper tigers.
D) whistle blowers.

Question 8

Progressive reformers tended to believe that

A) social evils were due to human sinfulness.
B) social evils were due to human weakness.
C) the solution to social problems was to change faulty institutions.
D) social evils were God's ways of testing his people.

Question 9

The painters, such as Robert Henri and George Luks, who sympathized with the progressive reforms and who painted city slum scenes were called the

A) progressive realists.
B) abstract expressionists.
C) Ashcan artists.
D) socialist realists.

Question 10

How did the theories of Sigmund Freud affect the ideas and behavior of progressive intellectuals?

A) They were especially influenced by Freud's essentially dark view of human nature.
B) They strongly agreed with his view that almost all human behavior was determined by an individual's genetic inheritance.
C) They agreed with him that eternal archetypes were the fundamental factors in understanding psychology.
D) They often used Freud's ideas as an excuse to reject Victorian prudery.

Question 11

The progressives attempted their first political reforms in the

A) Senate.
B) cities.
C) South.
D) House of Representatives.

Question 12

Samuel M. "Golden Rule" Jones, Tom L. Johnson, and Seth Low were all

A) progressive mayors.
B) machine politicians.
C) progressive governors.
D) Greenwich Village intellectuals.

Question 13

The ________ plan was an urban reform, pioneered in Dayton, Ohio, whereby city affairs were administered on a nonpartisan basis by a professional.

A) mayoralty
B) city manager
C) home rule
D) city commission

Question 14

Russian immigrant and political activist Emma Goldman

A) strongly opposed birth control.
B) lived and died in almost total obscurity.
C) was careful to avoid arrest for her activities.
D) was in many ways a typical American immigrant.

Question 15

The banner "progressive" state during the early years of the twentieth century was

A) New York.
B) California.
C) Wisconsin.
D) Massachusetts.

Question 16

Robert La Follette was particularly associated with

A) muckraking journalism and character assassination of leading businessmen.
B) municipal socialism and labor organizing.
C) prohibitions on selling alcohol and tobacco.
D) promotion of specialized technical knowledge and legislative reference services to promote progressive reform.

Question 17

Headed by Florence Kelley and associated with lawyer Louis Brandeis, the most effective women's organization of the Progressive Era was the

A) Consumer's League.
B) Women's Trade Union League.
C) League of Women Voters.
D) National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Question 18

In Muller v. Oregon (1908) attorney Louis Brandeis presented a "Brandeis brief" to the Supreme Court, which was based on

A) English, not American, common law.
B) abstract, rational principles, not legal precedent.
C) economic and sociological evidence.
D) American legal precedent.

Question 19

On the national level, the Progressive Era saw the completion of the struggle for

A) unemployment insurance.
B) black voting rights.
C) old age and survivor's insurance.
D) woman suffrage.

Question 20

Late-nineteenth-century feminists were handicapped in their campaign for woman suffrage by

A) strong opposition in western states.
B) their demand for an equal rights amendment.
C) Victorian sexual inhibitions.
D) their support for equal pay for equal work.

Question 21

Most states that did not have woman suffrage by 1914 and opposed the Nineteenth Amendment in the House of Representatives were in the

A) South.
B) Midwest.
C) North.
D) far West.

Question 22

One of the suffragists' more successful justifications was the "purity" argument that

A) women's moral superiority would clean up politics if they were given the vote.
B) because women were no more pure or impure than men, they had nothing to lose by voting.
C) women must first purify politics through religion, then they should get the vote.
D) women's moral superiority would be endangered by voting unless illiterate blacks and immigrants were disfranchised.

Question 23

As opposed to his successors from Hayes to McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt was

A) dignified, soft-spoken, and passive.
B) energetic, aggressive, and outspoken.
C) uneducated, reticent, and impetuous.
D) sensitive, predictable, and apathetic.

Question 24

Theodore Roosevelt believed that the most effective means of dealing with big corporations was to

A) rely on the laws of supply and demand.
B) nationalize basic industries.
C) regulate rather than eliminate them.
D) take a hands-off approach.

Question 25

Roosevelt reacted to the creation of the Northern Securities Company by

A) suing to have it dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
B) summoning J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill to the White House for a tongue-lashing.
C) threatening to nationalize the railroads involved unless they voluntarily dissolved their merger.
D) hailing it as an example of responsible behavior by big business.

Question 26

The first progressive president and the advocate of the "Square Deal" was

A) William McKinley.
B) Woodrow Wilson.
C) Theodore Roosevelt.
D) William H. Taft.

Question 27

The primary result of the 1906 Hepburn Act was to

A) prohibit child labor in goods sold in interstate commerce.
B) make the Federal Food and Drug Administration more powerful and active.
C) preserve millions of wilderness acres in the West.
D) make the Interstate Commerce Commission more powerful and active.

Question 28

Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle exposed

A) filthy conditions in Chicago slaughterhouses.
B) corruption in Philadelphia's police department.
C) insider manipulations in the stock market.
D) bribery and fraud in Boston elections.

Question 29

Roosevelt sent officials to Chicago to investigate the condition of its slaughterhouses based on which of the following books?

A) Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.'s Slaughterhouse-Five
B) Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
C) Jack London's Stockyard!
D) Hamlin Garland's Crumbling Idols

Question 30

During his second term, when the progressive movement became steadily more liberal, Theodore Roosevelt

A) criticized it as socialistic.
B) refused to advance beyond his earlier moderate reforms.
C) also took more liberal positions.
D) flirted with socialism.

Question 31

Theodore Roosevelt handpicked ________ to succeed him and carry out his policies.

A) William McKinley
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) Charles Evans Hughes
D) William Howard Taft

Question 32

Taft's major liability as president was his

A) sweeping use of executive power.
B) total reversal of Roosevelt's major policies.
C) impetuous, aggressive, and spiteful personality.
D) lack of physical and mental stamina.

Question 33

Taft got into political hot water in the 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, which dealt with

A) railroad legislation.
B) life-insurance scandals.
C) conservation.
D) adulterated food.

Question 34

The politician who advocated a New Nationalism was

A) Theodore Roosevelt.
B) William Howard Taft.
C) Robert La Follette.
D) Woodrow Wilson.

Question 35

"The betterment we seek must be accomplished…mainly through the National Government." This 1910 call for the expansion of federal power was made by progressive

A) William McKinley.
B) Theodore Roosevelt.
C) William H. Taft.
D) William Jennings Bryan.

Question 36

In 1912 the breakup of the Republican party produced an independent third party, the Progressives, led by

A) Louis Brandeis.
B) William Howard Taft.
C) Albert J. Beveridge.
D) Theodore Roosevelt.

Question 37

Woodrow Wilson advocated a program called the

A) New Nationalism.
B) Square Deal.
C) Fair Deal.
D) New Freedom.

Question 38

Woodrow Wilson's 1912 platform included

A) political centralization.
B) close economic integration.
C) strict regulation and control of corporations.
D) restoration of competition.

Question 39

When it was passed in 1913, the Federal Reserve Act

A) gave the country a central banking system for the first time since Andrew Jackson.
B) decentralized and democratized the federal banking system.
C) removed America from the gold standard for the first time.
D) immediately weakened the power of the great New York banks.

Question 40

As part of the New Freedom, the ________ Act prohibited both price discrimination, which encouraged monopolies, and interlocking directorates created to control competition.

A) Hepburn
B) Sherman Antitrust
C) Clayton Antitrust
D) Federal Trade

Question 41

In his first term as president, Woodrow Wilson

A) used his power imaginatively and aggressively.
B) courageously fought against racial segregation.
C) failed to achieve most of his goals because of congressional opposition.
D) was an inept and uninspiring leader.

Question 42

What happened to Wilson's New Freedom once he was president?

A) The differences between the New Freedom and the New Nationalism tended to disappear in practice.
B) Wilson insisted upon enacting it in a rigid and doctrinaire way.
C) Wilson was so poor a politician that he was unable to persuade Congress to pass any legislation he wanted.
D) Wilson used it as an excuse for entering the Great War.

Question 43

When it came to non-whites, white progressives tended to be

A) firm defenders of their civil rights.
B) strongly prejudiced against them.
C) advocates of special job and welfare programs for them.
D) indifferent and unconcerned about them.

Question 44

One of the most prominent black militants of the Progressive Era was

A) Booker T. Washington.
B) W. E. B. Du Bois.
C) Oswald Garrison Villard.
D) William English Walling.

Question 45

Of whom was W. E. B. Du Bois speaking when he said: "He belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and opposes the higher training and ambitions of our brightest minds"?

A) Frederick Douglass
B) Marcus Garvey
C) Booker T. Washington
D) Carter G. Woodson

Question 46

The organization formed in 1909 by a group of liberal whites and blacks to eradicate racial discrimination was the

A) Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
C) Urban League.
D) Congress of Racial Equality.

Question 47

Which statement about the progressives' reaction to black militancy is correct?

A) Theodore Roosevelt was a founding member of the NAACP.
B) Woodrow Wilson was actively hostile to blacks.
C) Theodore Roosevelt believed that justice for blacks in the South would come only by federal intervention.
D) Woodrow Wilson sponsored the first significant civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

Question 48

Social and economic changes in the late nineteenth century led the progressives to value efficiency and careful organization.

Question 49

As reformers, the progressives clearly challenged the fundamental principles of capitalism.

Question 50

"Big Bill" Haywood led the Industrial Workers of the World, the strongly anti-capitalist union formed in 1905.

Question 51

For most progressives, the twin roots of the evils plaguing American society were racism and poverty.

Question 52

The late-nineteenth-century social legislation that tried to create better working and living conditions for the poor was made possible by a liberal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 53

The national woman suffrage campaign of the Congressional Union was headed by Alice Paul.

Question 54

Prior to becoming president, Theodore Roosevelt had been a rancher in the Dakota Territory and had written several books about American history.

Question 55

Theodore Roosevelt's bookish ways made him cautious about using force.

Question 56

During the 1902 coal strike, Theodore Roosevelt took the bold step of calling Congress into special session to pass emergency legislation.

Question 57

The progressives tended to view Native Americans as fundamentally capable of adopting the ways of white "civilization."

Question 58

Describe the typical progressive reforms at the municipal, state, and national levels. Summarize the most important problems the progressives tried to solve. Explain their basic goals.

Question 59

Explain why Theodore Roosevelt is often seen as the first progressive president. Evaluate his major achievements, programs, and goals as a president and later as a presidential candidate.

Question 60

Explain the issues in the election of 1912. Describe the candidates and their platforms. Describe how President Wilson fulfilled his campaign promises.

Question 61

Summarize how the progressives viewed minority groups and how minorities responded to the progressives.

Question 62

What is the definition of the following key term:
-Ashcan School :

Question 63

What is the definition of the following key term:
-Progressivism :

Question 64

What is the definition of the following key term:
-Underwood Tariff :