Deck 17: An Industrial Giant Emerges

Question 1

By the end of the nineteenth century, U.S. industrial capacity

A) had almost caught Great Britain's.
B) barely lagged behind Germany's.
C) dwarfed both Great Britain's and Germany's.
D) did not match Japan's.

Answer 1

dwarfed both Great Britain's and Germany's.

Question 2

In the 25 years after the Civil War, railroads

A) were the most corrupt business organizations in the United States.
B) spent most of their energies in building transcontinental lines.
C) barely kept pace with industrial advances.
D) were probably the most significant element in American economic development.

Answer 2

were probably the most significant element in American economic development.

Question 3

The emphasis in railroad construction after 1865 was on

A) organizing integrated systems.
B) building cheaper rolling stock.
C) eliminating unused feeder and trunk lines.
D) perfecting more efficient steam engines.

Answer 3

organizing integrated systems.

Question 4

In the late nineteenth century "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt, Thomas A. Scott, and Jay Gould organized

A) complex, transcontinental railroad lines.
B) the radical reform movement.
C) the oil trust.
D) huge open-range cattle operations.

Question 5

Following the Civil War, most southern railroad systems were

A) controlled by European investors.
B) unable to afford rolling stock or track maintenance.
C) financed by local capital.
D) controlled by northern capitalists.

Question 6

American land-grant railroads in the late nineteenth century

A) seldom took advantage of their land rights.
B) found frontier settlement too sparse to justify railroad construction.
C) were often forced to return the land grants to state and federal governments.
D) sent agents overseas to recruit likely settlers and purchasers of railroad land.

Question 7

After the railroads, the second most important development in America's industrial advance in the late nineteenth century was the transformation of

A) petroleum production.
B) iron manufacturing.
C) flour and other grain milling.
D) precision tool manufacturing.

Question 8

The ________ process directed a stream of air into a mass of molten iron, burning off impurities, and greatly lowered the price of steel.

A) tontine
B) dumbbell
C) Bessemer
D) carbon-13

Question 9

Technological changes in the petroleum industry in the late nineteenth century

A) were retarded by the monopolistic control exerted by John D. Rockefeller.
B) had little impact compared to those in iron and steel.
C) occurred rapidly and put a premium on refining efficiency.
D) were slow in coming because there was a limited consumer demand for petroleum products.

Question 10

Known as the "Wizard of Menlo Park," the inventor of the phonograph and the electric light bulb was

A) Alexander Graham Bell.
B) Thomas Scott.
C) George Westinghouse.
D) Thomas A. Edison.

Question 11

Which of the following interests of Alexander Graham Bell's led to the invention of the telephone?

A) deaf education
B) petroleum manufacturing
C) music and recording
D) electric lights

Question 12

What was the relationship between competition and monopoly in American industry during the post-Civil War era?

A) inflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration
B) deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to decreased concentration
C) inflation combined with an absence of competition to cause expansion to lead to a decreasing concentration
D) deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration

Question 13

From 1873 to 1893, the economy was characterized by

A) significant government regulation.
B) declining productivity.
C) intense competition for markets.
D) strong inflationary trends.

Question 14

Railroads commonly encouraged large shippers to use their lines by

A) giving them rebates.
B) selling them stock below the market price.
C) providing them private cars.
D) refusing to carry goods except under specific contract.

Question 15

As a result of the intense competition among railroads,

A) the railroads were unstable financially and vulnerable to any downturn in the business cycle.
B) industrial decentralization was encouraged.
C) railroad rates dropped dramatically and uniformly on all lines.
D) costs for small shippers decreased more than they did for any other group.

Question 16

The first giant corporations, capitalized in the hundreds of millions of dollars, were

A) oil refineries.
B) steel corporations.
C) telegraph and telephone systems.
D) interregional railroad systems.

Question 17

Andrew Carnegie dominated the ________ industry.

A) railroad
B) steel
C) banking
D) petroleum

Question 18

Andrew Carnegie was one of the first great tycoons to realize the importance of

A) cultivating foreign markets.
B) developing technological improvements.
C) controlling the source of raw material.
D) owning retail chains.

Question 19

When J. P. Morgan assembled United States Steel, he

A) was blocked by the Sherman Antitrust Act.
B) reversed his earlier commitment to decentralization.
C) was sued under the Interstate Commerce Act.
D) formed the first billion-dollar corporation.

Question 20

By the middle of the 1880s, ________ monopolized the oil industry in the United States.

A) John D. Rockefeller
B) J. P. Morgan
C) Harry Sinclair
D) Felix Standard

Question 21

John D. Rockefeller's success was due primarily to his

A) vast knowledge of petroleum technology.
B) refusal to compete unfairly.
C) perfection of the modern, moving assembly line.
D) bold planning and risk-taking.

Question 22

The theory of evolution by natural selection, which helped Americans justify their exploitation of others, was the work of

A) Charles Lyell.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) Jean Lamarck.
D) Gregor Mendel.

Question 23

In general, as industry expanded

A) Americans rejected any type of governmental regulation or interference.
B) Americans were mostly unaware of economic regulations.
C) Americans advocated against the free enterprise philosophy.
D) Americans saw economic regulation as a way to release human energy and increase the area in which business could freely operate.

Question 24

A prominent advocate of social Darwinism, William Graham Sumner was identified with the phrase

A) "the invisible hand."
B) "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."
C) "it's root, hog, or die."
D) "the voice of the people is the voice of God."

Question 25

Most Americans reacted to the growth of huge industrial and financial organizations and the increasing complexity of economic relations by

A) praising them as results of the free market.
B) joining socialists in their demands for government ownership of basic industries.
C) fearing monopolistic power, yet being greedy for all the new goods and services.
D) doing nothing, since most Americans were unaware of the vast changes in the economy.

Question 26

Generally speaking, the formation of monopolies during the 1870s caused a

A) rapid increase in chaos in those industries.
B) shortage of consumer goods.
C) drop in prices.
D) rapid increase in competition in those industries.

Question 27

Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty, advocated

A) Marxism.
B) laissez-faire economics.
C) social Darwinism.
D) the single tax.

Question 28

Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Demarest Lloyd were all late-nineteenth-century

A) oil industry executives.
B) railroad executives.
C) radical reformers.
D) inventors.

Question 29

The novelist who described America evolving into an ideal socialist state was

A) Henry George.
B) Henry Demarest Lloyd.
C) Richard T. Ely.
D) Edward Bellamy.

Question 30

Which of the following compared nineteenth-century society to a stagecoach in which the favored few rode in comfort while the masses pulled them along life's route?

A) Henry Demarest Lloyd
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) Edward Bellamy
D) Henry George

Question 31

In The Cooperative Commonwealth, Laurence Gronlund

A) defended the Granger laws as the only means by which the family farm could be preserved.
B) provided the first serious attempt to explain the ideas of Karl Marx to Americans.
C) justified the mergers of gigantic corporations as the best way to increase harmony and efficiency.
D) called for a "single tax" to eliminate the profits from land speculation.

Question 32

The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry was founded in 1867 by

A) Henry George.
B) Daniel De Leon.
C) James S. Hogg.
D) Oliver H. Kelley.

Question 33

Granger-controlled legislatures attempted to

A) restore competition among farm machinery manufacturers.
B) regulate railroad rates.
C) prohibit corporate monopolies.
D) subsidize farm prices.

Question 34

The Supreme Court decision in the Wabash case concerned

A) patent rights.
B) corporation mergers.
C) early railroad regulation.
D) union rights.

Question 35

The federal regulatory board, established in 1887 by Congress to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue "cease and desist" orders against railroads acting illegally, was the

A) Federal Railroad Commission.
B) Interstate Commerce Commission.
C) Federal Transportation Board.
D) General Services Administration.

Question 36

The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887

A) provided immediate relief for the farmer.
B) challenged the philosophy of laissez-faire.
C) was exactly what the railroads desired.
D) failed so dramatically that the government abandoned this tactic.

Question 37

In 1890, Congress tried to restore competition by outlawing the restraint of interstate trade by corporate monopolies with the ________ Act.

A) Sherman Antitrust
B) Granger
C) Northern Securities
D) Hepburn

Question 38

The Sherman Antitrust Act was drastically limited by the Supreme Court in

A) the Wabash Case.
B) Munn v. Illinois.
C) Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company.
D) United States v. E. C. Knight Company.

Question 39

"Doubtless the power to control the manufacture of a given thing involves, in a certain sense, the control of its disposition... the exercise of that power may result in bringing the operation of commerce into play, it does not control it, and affects it only incidentally and indirectly." The source of this quote is

A) Munn v. Illinois.
B) the Sherman Antitrust Act.
C) United States v. E. C. Knight Company.
D) the Interstate Commerce Act.

Question 40

The first union to welcome blacks, women, and immigrants into its ranks was the

A) Knights of Labor.
B) National Labor Union.
C) American Federation of Labor.
D) Industrial Workers of the World.

Question 41

As a result of the ________, membership in the Knights of Labor declined quickly because the public associated unions with violence and radicalism.

A) Homestead steel strike
B) Haymarket Square riot
C) Cigarmakers Union strike
D) Pullman strike

Question 42

Established in 1886, the ________ was the prime example of "bread and butter" unionism.

A) National Labor Union
B) Knights of Labor
C) Socialist Labor Party
D) American Federation of Labor

Question 43

The dramatic labor troubles of 1877 were

A) centered in Pennsylvania's coal fields.
B) the result of significant gains in prosperity for business.
C) more violent and destructive than any previous strike in America.
D) the work of foreign labor agitators.

Question 44

The leader of the American Railway Union in its dramatic 1894 strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company was

A) William Kelly.
B) Samuel Gompers.
C) Terence Powderly.
D) Eugene Debs.

Question 45

President Cleveland intervened in the Pullman strike on the pretext that

A) the mail had to be delivered.
B) there was real danger of anarchy.
C) strike leaders were not representative of the union.
D) passenger traffic was completely disrupted.

Question 46

In the late nineteenth century, wealth, power, and influence were

A) available to anyone who worked hard and was honest.
B) increasingly concentrated among the largest financiers.
C) more evenly distributed than at any other previous time in American history.
D) increasing among farmers in the Great Plains.

Question 47

As a result of the centralization and concentration of industry in the late nineteenth century,

A) efficiency increased in industries which produced high-quality handmade goods.
B) general living standards declined.
C) efficiency increased in industries where close coordination of output, distribution, and sales was important.
D) large financial institutions' influence in the economy declined significantly.

Question 48

In the late 1800s, the courts seemed most concerned with protecting

A) civil rights.
B) the rights of the nascent labor movement.
C) the common man.
D) the interests of the rich and powerful.

Question 49

During the late nineteenth century, American industrial development included such new industries as packaged breakfast cereals and ready-to-eat canned food.

Question 50

In the early twentieth century, J. P. Morgan completely reorganized the American railway system.

Question 51

Andrew Carnegie believed that great wealth should be used to create an economic family and political dynasty.

Question 52

The secret business arrangement, known as the trust, was perfected by Samuel C.T. Dodd to allow United States Steel to amass enormous economic power.

Question 53

Wealth Against Commonwealth was a vigorous attack on social Darwinism and Standard Oil by Henry Demarest Lloyd.

Question 54

Samuel Gompers was the leader of the Knights of Labor during their rapid growth and decline.

Question 55

As a result of the Haymarket Square riot, the Knights of Labor gained many new recruits.

Question 56

A scab was a person who returned to the country from which he or she emigrated.

Question 57

The Homestead strike of 1892 was a violent defeat for the steelworkers by the forces of Andrew Carnegie.

Question 58

Describe the dramatic industrial growth of the late nineteenth century in at least three industries. Analyze the major causes in each case.

Question 59

The text describes the twin trends of competition and monopoly in four economic sectors in the late nineteenth century. Choose two of these sectors and describe to what extent those trends were evident. Explain the results of those trends in these two sectors.

Question 60

The text argues that Americans responded to the dramatic growth of big business in the late nineteenth century with a mixture of fear and greed. Evaluate the evidence used to support the argument. Explain the specific measures the government took in response to that mixture of fear and greed.

Question 61

Summarize the ideas of the major reformers who criticized industrialism in the late nineteenth century. Evaluate the validity of their criticisms. Explain the alternatives they offered.

Question 62

Describe the main trends and events in the late-nineteenth-century labor movement. Evaluate the implications of their results for American society.