Deck 15: Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Marcia's identity statuses represent four combinations of the dimensions of exploration and commitment.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Self-esteem may decrease during early adolescence due to the realized disparity between the ideal self and the real self.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Adolescents and their parents are typically very different in their social, political, and religious values and beliefs.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Fifty-two percent of monozygotic (MZ) twins are concordant for a gay male sexual orientation.

Question 5

Early-maturing girls are more likely to have older friends, which may draw them into early sexual relationships.

Question 6

Sex education programs that teach abstinence have been proven the most effective in reducing teen pregnancy.

Question 7

Research has found that school failure causes juvenile delinquency.

Question 8

Girls are more likely than boys to commit status offenses, such as truancy and running away.

Question 9

Members of Generation Z are more likely to drop out of high school and less likely to attend college than earlier generations.

Question 10

Latin American and African American teenagers are the least likely to attempt suicide.

Question 11

Between the ages of 20 and 29, people have an average of two jobs.

Question 12

Instead of emerging adulthood, Erikson used the term moratorium to describe the extended quest for identity among young people.

Question 13

The self-concepts of adolescents tend to

A) reflect obvious aspects of the self, such as where they live and what they look like.
B) be coherent and stable.
C) contain many contradictory traits.
D) reflect the perceptions their parents hold about them.

Question 14

Tara is a high school student. She spends much of her time thinking about her sexual identity, her political opinions, and her future career. According to Erikson, this reflects a search for

A) ego identity.
B) personal fable.
C) ethnic identity.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 15

Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is called

A) integrity versus despair.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) identity versus identity diffusion.
D) initiative versus guilt.

Question 16

Adolescents are able to think flexibly about the variety of life choices that are available to them due to

A) formal operational thinking.
B) concrete operational thinking.
C) a decline in the personal fable.
D) an increase in the imaginary audience.

Question 17

Ego identity is

A) one's answer to the question, "Who am I?"
B) an identity adopted from one's parents.
C) the same as self-esteem.
D) established by approximately age 8.

Question 18

Erikson called adolescent experimentation with different roles, values, beliefs, and relationships

A) social development.
B) psychological moratorium
C) self-experimentation
D) adolescent self-assessment.

Question 19

According to Erikson, during the period of moratorium, adolescents

A) undergo an identity crisis when they examine their roles and make life decisions.
B) experience a decrease in their egocentrism and become more aware of others' perspectives.
C) gain in their understanding of metacognition and metamemory.
D) make great advances in their understanding of theory of mind.

Question 20

Jennifer Pastor and her colleagues (2007) determined that

A) Erikson's developmental stages are found cross-culturally.
B) girls go through Erikson's stages in a different order than boys.
C) the choices Erikson theorized that adolescents have may not exist for all adolescents.
D) Erikson's "identity versus identity confusion" stage was a mirror of Kohlberg's preconventional morality stage.

Question 21

According to the textbook, those individuals who fail to resolve their identity crises

A) have high rates of aggressive behavior.
B) may continue to be intolerant of outsiders.
C) are more likely to develop depression as adults.
D) tend to drop out of college.

Question 22

James Marcia (2010) developed the idea of how many identity statuses representing the possible combinations of the concepts of exploration and commitment?

A) Two
B) Four
C) Six
D) Eight

Question 23

According to Marcia, identity status involves the dimensions of exploration and

A) autonomy.
B) initiative.
C) generativity.
D) commitment.

Question 24

Exploration of identity involves

A) active questioning and searching.
B) consideration of a minimal number of alternative selves.
C) automatic acceptance of the values held by others.
D) putting down one's egocentric views.

Question 25

Commitment in identity involves

A) a stable investment.
B) uncertainty.
C) passive acceptance.
D) lack of investment.

Question 26

According to Marcia, which identity status is the LEAST developmentally advanced?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Achievement

Question 27

Nina is in ninth grade. She's apathetic toward school, her friends, and her family. Her general attitude is "I don't care." According to Marcia, which identity status does Nina exhibit?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Diffusion
D) Achievement

Question 28

Paula has always wanted to be a doctor. It's the occupation that was chosen by both her mother and her grandmother. She's never considered being anything else. According to Marcia, which identity status does Paula represent?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Diffusion
D) Achievement

Question 29

Active exploration of identity alternatives is called

A) moratorium.
B) foreclosure.
C) diffusion.
D) achievement.

Question 30

Nadia has been sitting in on different types of college classes to see what field or career might interest her. She has also attended many different types of religious services in order to understand her own perspectives about religion. Nadia tells people she is "searching for herself." According to Marcia, which identity status does this represent?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Diffusion
D) Achievement

Question 31

As opposed to foreclosed individuals, those who achieve identity are

A) more likely to have had authoritarian parents.
B) cognitively flexible and capable of reason.
C) more likely to be women.
D) likely to have poor self-concepts and low self-esteem.

Question 32

Allen has experienced a period of exploration and has developed a clear sense of his own identity. According to Marcia, this is called

A) rite of passage.
B) crisis.
C) achievement.
D) moratorium.

Question 33

Prior to high school, which identity status describes most individuals?

A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Achievement
D) Commitment

Question 34

Research indicates that in terms of identity

A) those who live in urban areas develop a stronger sense of identity before those in rural areas.
B) later-born children tend to be more identity foreclosed than first-borns.
C) women have more diffused identities than men.
D) college seniors have a stronger sense of identity than first-year students.

Question 35

Which of the following does not complicate the process of forming an identity?

A) Gender
B) Ethnicity
C) Sexual orientation
D) Birth order

Question 36

Who was quoted in the textbook as saying, "To be both black and white, then, is to do nothing less than confound national consciousness"?

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) Emma Bombeck
C) Don Terry
D) Bill Cosby

Question 37

An ethnic adolescent who identifies strongly with the dominant culture

A) may be rejected by the minority group.
B) will find the identity process much less troublesome.
C) will be accepted by both the dominant and the minority cultures.
D) may be expected to be a moderator between the dominant and minority cultures.

Question 38

In terms of adolescent identity issues

A) those from two different ethnic groups may have less trouble forming an identity than those from a single ethnic heritage.
B) some adopt the values that are most important to them from each culture.
C) those from ethnic minority groups are more likely to reach identity achievement.
D) those from two different ethnic groups always chose to identify with the dominant group.

Question 39

Rejecting the dominant culture's values for those of the minority group

A) may limit opportunities for advancement in the larger society.
B) creates more anxiety than balancing between the minority and dominant cultural values.
C) seems to be more problematic for male adolescents than for female adolescents.
D) eliminates the problems that minority adolescents otherwise face.

Question 40

Who proposed the stage model of ethnic identity development?

A) Phinney
B) Harter
C) Marcia
D) Chavira

Question 41

Phinney's ethnic identity search is comparable to Marcia's

A) identity achievement.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 42

Brandon is a 17-year-old Latino male. He has not given much thought to identity issues. Rather, he identifies with the values and practices of his family. Which stage of ethnic identity is Brandon experiencing?

A) Ethnic identity moratorium.
B) Unexamined ethnic identity.
C) Ethnic identity search.
D) Achieved ethnic identity.

Question 43

According to Erikson, relationships are important to women's identity. What is important to men's identity?

A) Occupational matters
B) Parenthood
C) Athletic ability
D) Social status

Question 44

Erikson believed women's identities are bound up in their

A) level of educational attainment.
B) level of financial success.
C) roles as wife and mother.
D) views on religion.

Question 45

In terms of the relationship between sex and identity development, research

A) supports Erikson's notion that women develop their identities in conjunction with intimate relationships.
B) suggests that women develop identities before meaningful relationships.
C) refutes Erikson by finding that men and women develop identities in similar ways.
D) finds that women are more identity diffused while men are more identity foreclosed.

Question 46

Spencer describes himself primarily in terms of his physical characteristics and actions. What might we assume about Spencer?

A) He is not yet in adolescence.
B) He is particularly good at sports.
C) He is from a socioeconomically advantaged background.
D) He has older brothers to whom he is comparing himself.

Question 47

Contradictions and conflicts in self-descriptions reach their peak

A) at age 10, after which they decline.
B) two years earlier for girls than for boys.
C) around age 14, after which they decline.
D) at age 25.

Question 48

When we say that one's self-concept has become more "differentiated," what does this mean?

A) The adolescent has placed self-descriptors into a small number of categories.
B) Self and self-esteem have become separated.
C) More categories have been added to one's self-description.
D) One has developed multiple personalities.

Question 49

Self-esteem tends to decline as the child progresses from childhood until age 12 or 13 because

A) parents become stricter and more authoritarian.
B) children are cognitively able to compare their real selves to their ideal selves.
C) boys and girls tend to become depressed when they enter puberty.
D) friends have to say goodbye as they part ways and go to different schools.

Question 50

Which sources of emotional support are most important to the development of self-esteem in early adolescence?

A) Parents and peers
B) Peers and teachers
C) Siblings and peers
D) Grandparents and teachers

Question 51

Which is most important to the self-esteem of those in late adolescence?

A) Parents
B) Teachers
C) Parents and peers are equally important
D) Peers

Question 52

In one study, 9- to 15-year-olds carried electronic pagers for a week and reported on

A) whether or not they had done they homework.
B) whether or not they were watching TV.
C) what they were doing when they were paged.
D) how recently they had exercised.

Question 53

Who spends more time with friends?

A) A 9-year-old boy
B) A 9-year-old girl
C) A 15-year-old boy
D) A 15-year-old girl

Question 54

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Teenagers spend more time with their fathers than with their mothers.
B) Teenagers report having more conflicts with their mothers than with their fathers.
C) Teenagers describe their fathers as more supportive than their mothers.
D) Teenagers at almost every age report preferring to spend time alone versus spending time with either of their parents.

Question 55

As boys become older, their time spent with parents is replaced by time spent

A) in relationships outside the family.
B) with other family members.
C) texting.
D) studying.

Question 56

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) A certain degree of adolescents distancing from parents may be adaptive.
B) Greater independence means adolescents are emotionally detaching from parents.
C) Adolescents who feel more distant from their parents are also more self-confident.
D) The more distance adolescents put between themselves and their parents, the less they respect their parents.

Question 57

Which period is characterized by an increase in parent-child bickering and disagreements and a decrease in shared activities and expressed affection?

A) Early childhood
B) Late childhood
C) Early adolescence
D) Late adolescence

Question 58

When it comes to control and adolescence

A) fathers want to retain more control, despite adolescents' efforts to take it.
B) adolescent girls desire more control than adolescent boys.
C) mothers want to retain more control, despite adolescents' efforts to take it.
D) adolescent boys desire more control than adolescent girls.

Question 59

Which of the following is TRUE about adolescence?

A) Adolescents develop a more idealized view of their parents.
B) Most conflicts between adolescents and parents are quite severe.
C) Most adolescents feel close to and get along well with their parents.
D) Most adolescents have a very poor view of their parents.

Question 60

Adolescents from authoritative homes

A) are more self-reliant.
B) are more critical of their parents.
C) are more likely to rebel.
D) have higher rates of psychological problems.

Question 61

Authoritative parents

A) have adolescents who are the least self-reliant.
B) have adolescents who show the highest levels of mental health.
C) have adolescents who show the highest rates of deviant behavior.
D) often have conflicted relationships with their adolescent children.

Question 62

By what grade do adolescents typically view their same-gender friends as providing more support than parents do?

A) Seventh
B) Eighth
C) Ninth
D) Tenth

Question 63

Most adolescents have how many best friends?

A) One or two
B) Zero
C) Three or four
D) Five or six

Question 64

In comparison to friendships in earlier childhood, friendships in adolescence

A) are less likely to be formed on the basis of sex.
B) are more likely to include people of different ethnicities.
C) are more likely to stress the importance of self-disclosure and acceptance.
D) are less likely to be determined based upon age.

Question 65

Hector is 16 years old and is opposed to drinking and smoking. In all likelihood

A) Hector's friends will be similar to him in age and beliefs.
B) Hector is unlikely to form significant adolescent friendships.
C) Hector's friends are likely to disagree with his belief system.
D) Hector is likely to be an ethnic minority adolescent.

Question 66

In terms of ethnicity and friendship, adolescents are

A) likely to have mixed groups of friends, which include a wide variety of ethnicities.
B) not influenced by ethnicity when it comes to friendships.
C) most likely to have friends of their same ethnicity.
D) most likely to have friends of their same ethnicity, but these friends are most likely from a different socioeconomic group.

Question 67

In a study of ethnicity and friendship, more than 80% of African American and European American students reported having at least one friend of the other ethnicity. However

A) only 28% saw this friend frequently outside of school.
B) only 14% saw this friend frequently outside of school.
C) adolescents who lived in segregated neighborhoods were more likely to see a friend of another ethnicity outside of school.
D) they often reported that friends from other ethnicities were not "real friends."

Question 68

Research into friendships, gender, and ethnicity reveal that

A) intimacy and support were found more often in the friendships of girls, regardless of their ethnicity.
B) European American boys and girls reported similar levels of intimacy and support in their friendships.
C) African American boys and girls reported similar levels of intimacy and support in their friendships.
D) intimacy and support was low in friendships across all ethnic groups.

Question 69

Boys and their friends are more likely than girls to engage in

A) unstructured activities.
B) organized activities.
C) discussions about their sex lives.
D) discussions of personal feelings.

Question 70

Which of the following would qualify as a clique?

A) Five to ten individuals who hang around together and share activities
B) Large groups of individuals who are identified by the activities of the group
C) Three hundred people watching a football game
D) A group of people of the same age

Question 71

How much time does the typical high school student spend with peers?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) More than half of their time
D) Depends on individual student's gender

Question 72

The differences between childhood and adolescent peer groups include the amount of time spent with peers, the amount of parental monitoring of peer groups, and the addition of peers to the group who are

A) of the other gender.
B) much older.
C) of different ethnicities.
D) much younger.

Question 73

The majority of adolescents begin dating or "going out"

A) by age 14.
B) by age 16.
C) at various ages depending on gender
D) by the time they graduate from high school.

Question 74

The development of dating

A) follows a predicable sequence.
B) varies greatly by individual.
C) varies based upon the sex of the adolescent.
D) varies depending upon the age at which the adolescent begins dating.

Question 75

The development of dating usually begins by putting oneself in situations where dateable peers will likely be present, followed by group activities, then

A) two-person dating.
B) dating in groups, then two-person dating.
C) joining mixed-sex groups for activities.
D) random or blind dating.

Question 76

Which of the following is not a primary function of dating?

A) Preparation for adult courtship
B) Having fun
C) Enhancing one's prestige with peers
D) Learning the appropriate "ways" of engaging in sexual activity

Question 77

During what time period is peer pressure most likely to peak?

A) Late childhood
B) Early adolescence
C) Middle adolescence
D) Late adolescence

Question 78

Is the conventional wisdom true that parents and peers are in direct conflict with one another when the child is in adolescence?

A) Yes.
B) No.
C) It depends upon the gender of the adolescent.
D) Yes, but only for issues such as alcohol and drug use.

Question 79

Brown and his colleagues (1993) found that peer pressure to do what was stronger than peer pressure to use drugs?

A) Get a job
B) Engage in sexual activity
C) Achieve academically
D) Resist social norms

Question 80

Adolescents sometimes discourage each other from doing well or from doing too well. In one study, how many reported trying to perform below their capabilities for fear of earning the disapproval of peers?

A) 1 in 20
B) 1 in 10
C) 1 in 5
D) 3 in 5