Deck 4: Psychological Theories of Crime

Question 1

Psychological theories have always been closely tied to the idea of ______________.

A) rehabilitation
B) restitution
C) restoration
D) reproduction

Answer 1

rehabilitation

Question 2

In Freudian psychology, which part of the personality seeks to have the person "fit in" and get along with others?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Libido

Answer 2

Superego

Question 3

In Freudian psychology, where does pressure build up and "break through" to cause criminal behavior?

A) Basic wants and needs
B) A repressed id
C) A passive superego
D) Guilt mechanisms

Answer 3

A repressed id

Question 4

The best-known of the neo-Freudians was:

A) Aichorn.
B) Healy.
C) Redl.
D) Winman.

Question 5

How many criminal "thinking errors" did Yochelson and Samenow identify?

A) 16
B) 23
C) 52
D) 87

Question 6

Of the following, which statement best describes schizophrenia?

A) It involves frequent, uncontrollable displays of emotion.
B) It involves frequent, unpredictable norm violations.
C) It is a curable condition.
D) It is possible to function normally in most social settings.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of Cleckey's characteristics of psychopaths?

A) Lacking in shame or remorse
B) Shallow emotions
C) Deterministic following of criminal life plan
D) Absence of nervousness

Question 8

According to the DSM-IV, antisocial personality is defined by all the following EXCEPT:

A) pervasive disregard for rights of others.
B) sneaking which helps avoid getting in trouble.
C) irritability and aggressiveness toward others.
D) lacking in remorse.

Question 9

Which statement below best summarizes the research on an IQ-crime link?

A) Intelligence has a strong and consistent relationship to crime.
B) Some studies show a strong link while other studies show the opposite.
C) IQ has been found in most research to be primarily biological.
D) None of the above

Question 10

What was the movement called during the late 1800s and first two decades of the 20^th century to forcibly sterilize people of low intelligence?

A) Eugenics
B) Genetics
C) Criminogenesis
D) Gentrification

Question 11

It is known that on most tests commonly used to measure intelligence, whites (as a group) tend to score about how many points higher than blacks (as a group)?

A) 7
B) 15
C) 30
D) 40

Question 12

Whose research on the IQ-crime link was perceived as the most highly racist and inflammatory?

A) Aichorn
B) Cleckley
C) Hirschi
D) Herrnstein & Murray

Question 13

What problem tends to be the biggest problem with psychological theories?

A) There is little agreement on measurement issues.
B) There is too much diversity on theoretical issues.
C) Some research is too controversial to even be carries out.
D) Many ideas and concepts are impossible to validate.

Question 14

Which of the following concepts refers to the totality of an individual's behavioral and emotional characteristics?

A) The id
B) Personality
C) Somatotype
D) None of the above

Question 15

Which of the following perspectives argues that crime arises from how individuals live their lives, the choices they make, and the thinking patterns that characterize their daily activities?

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Lifestyle
D) Physiological

Question 16

Individuals with what type of mental disorder can be characterized by having delusions and hallucinations?

A) Antisocial personality
B) Schizophrenia
C) Bipolar
D) Affective disorder

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic(s) of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?

A) High level of arousal
B) Consistent irresponsibility
C) High levels of anxiety
D) None of the above

Question 18

Gordon (1987) argued that which of the following could account for the low crime rates among Jewish, Japanese, and Chinese youth.

A) Religious values
B) Cultural differences
C) IQ scores
D) Personality differences

Question 19

According to Moffitt, which type of offender can be described as offending because of the process of social mimicry?

A) White-collar
B) Adolescent-limited
C) Late-onset
D) Life-course-persistent

Question 20

According to Moffitt, which type of offender can be described as having nutritional deficiencies, early childhood behavior problems, and antisocial tendencies?

A) White-collar
B) Adolescent-limited
C) Late-onset
D) Life-course-persistent

Question 21

The primary cause of crime in Freudian psychology is an underdeveloped superego.

Question 22

Psychologists have defined the word "personality" in mostly similar and exact ways.

Question 23

Yochelson and Samenow's theory of criminal personality focuses on thought patterns that one may be born with and which predispose them to criminal behavior.

Question 24

Schizophrenics come into contact with the criminal justice system more than antisocial personalities.

Question 25

The eugenics movement in America not only sought to sterilize criminals but to limit immigration.

Question 26

Cultural biases represent one possible problem with intelligence tests.

Question 27

Psychological theories have few conceptual and measurement problems.

Question 28

Psychological theories focus on incapacitative polices for dealing with offenders.

Question 29

The majority of criminals have antisocial personality disorder.

Question 30

The DSM-IV recognizes antisocial personality disorder as a biological condition?

Question 31

The two most common mental illness associated with criminality are schizophrenia and antisocial personality.

Question 32

Psychological theories differ from biological theories in how they promote rehabilitation.

Question 33

Results from an early study by Goddard (1914) showed that approximately 25 to 50 percent of prisoners had the capability to "manage" despite mental deficiencies.

Question 34

Moffitt et al. (1994) uncovered neuropsychological problems among early-onset delinquents?

Question 35

Adolescence-limited offenders typically desist from crime in early adulthood or late adolescence.

Question 36

The _______________ perspective offers an explanation of crime based on the views of Sigmund Freud.

Question 37

According to White and Walters (1989, 2002), _______________ refers to the tendency of criminals to put their own desires and wants ahead of any concerns about other people.

Question 38

_______________ is a debilitating mental illness for which there is no current cure and these individuals often did not perceive the world the same as others.

Question 39

Shockley, as well as Herrnstein and Murray, argued that differences in _______________ could explain racial differences in offending.

Question 40

_______________ offenders are believed to begin offending due to social mimicry in an attempt to achieve status and power.

Question 41

Sigmund Freud recognized the human personality is divided into 3 parts. The _________ part refers to a person's basic biological drives and impulses?

Question 42

According to psychoanalytic perspective crime is the result of one of the three basic type of situations: ___________, ___________, and __________.

Question 43

__________ is the science concerned with both understanding how people think and perceive the world.

Question 44

According to Freud, the __________ part of the personality represents the restraints that moral and social values place on behavior.

Question 45

The ___________ is a test commonly used in clinical settings, court cases, and correctional classification decisions to measure presence and strength of various components of an individual's personality.

Question 46

Match the researcher with their work.

-Terrie Moffitt

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 47

Match the researcher with their work.

-Sigmund Freud

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 48

Match the researcher with their work.

-Marc LeBlanc

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 49

Match the researcher with their work.

-August Aichorn

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 50

Match the researcher with their work.

-Terence Thornberry & Marvin Krohn

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 51

Match the researcher with their work.

-Yochelson & Samenow

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 52

Match the researcher with their work.

-Robert Sampson & John Laub

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 53

Match the researcher with their work.

-Philips, Wolf, & Coons

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 54

Match the researcher with their work.

-Gottfredson & Hirschi

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 55

Match the researcher with their work.

-White & Walters

A) Proposed criminality a product of both individual factors and social environmental issues
B) Actually applied psychoanalytic perspective concepts to the study of crime
C) Presented a theory that explains the onset, persistence, and desistance from crime and antisocial behavior over an individual's life course
D) Argued sensation seeking will increase in adolescence and decrease in adulthood as result of brain's maturational patterns
E) Presented the lifestyle perspective in which crime arises from how individuals live their lives, their social environment, personal choices, and their thinking patterns
F) Reported there is a low percentage of people with schizophrenia that are arrested for violent crimes
G) Argued there are two basic variety of offenders: adolescence-limited offenders; and life course persistent offenders
H) Identified 52 common traits and ways of thinking among offenders in a psychiatric hospital
I) Suggested that the causes of criminal activity vary across different stages of life
J) Psychoanalytic perspective based on his ideas of personality and proposed three parts to a person's personality

Question 56

Explain the general criminal personality suggested by the research on personality and crime.

Question 57

Describe Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and the three parts of the personality he identified conflict with one another.

Question 58

Describe one common mental illness associated with criminality.

Question 59

What are the policy implications of relying on psychological theories for explaining crime?

Question 60

Why did treatment and rehabilitative programs lose prominence at the end of the twentieth century in addressing crime?