Deck 4: Basic Principles of Health Care and the Nature of Rights in Ethical Discourse

Question 1

Rights in moral philosophy and legal theory are thought of as ____________________ claims.

A) ethical
B) justified
C) benevolent
D) maleficent

Answer 1

justified

Question 2

The principle that is most closely associated with the practice of informed consent is ____________________.

A) veracity
B) confidentiality
C) nonmaleficence
D) autonomy

Answer 2

autonomy

Question 3

Paternalism, as practiced by clinicians, seems to be most in opposition to the basic principle of ____________________.

A) veracity
B) autonomy
C) justice
D) confidentiality

Answer 3

autonomy

Question 4

The principle that is most closely associated with concepts of fairness is ____________________.

A) veracity
B) beneficence
C) role fidelity
D) justice

Question 5

____________________ is the principle that deals with the need to tell the truth.

A) Beneficence
B) Veracity
C) Confidentiality
D) Role fidelity

Question 6

The legal principle of a right to privacy is matched to the ethical principle of ____________________.

A) confidentiality
B) justice
C) veracity
D) nonmaleficence

Question 7

Distribution of scarce resources requires evaluating the process using the principle of distributive ____________________.

A) power
B) justice
C) principles
D) equality

Question 8

The use of placebos is most problematic when you are considering the principle of ____________________.

A) veracity
B) beneficence
C) role fidelity
D) maleficence

Question 9

Without adequate information regarding their condition and the treatment options, patients cannot exercise the important principle of ____________________.

A) veracity
B) autonomy
C) justice
D) confidentiality

Question 10

Clients have a right to believe that health care professionals are struggling incessantly on their behalf. This is an application of the ____________________ principle.

A) veracity
B) beneficence
C) role fidelity
D) maleficence

Question 11

The famous admonition "If you can't do the patient good, at least avoid harm," speaks of the two important principles, of beneficence and ____________________.

A) confidentiality
B) justice
C) veracity
D) nonmaleficence

Question 12

"Nurses should practice nursing and allied health specialists should only practice within their specialty areas" is an application of the basic principle of ____________________.

A) veracity
B) beneficence
C) role fidelity
D) maleficence

Question 13

Perhaps the most famous moralized contractarian theory of rights that includes the concept of an original position comes from the work of ____________________.

A) John Locke
B) John Stuart Mill
C) John Rawls
D) Thomas Acquinas

Question 14

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-A claim that justifies and creates correlative obligations

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 15

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-A power, privilege, or immunity guaranteed under a constitution, statutes, or decisional law

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 16

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-When one person has a right, others have obligations to either refrain from hindrance or provide the required goods and services associated with the right

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 17

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-A doctrine used to determine whether an action is morally defensible when it has more than one consequence, usually both favorable and ill

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 18

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-The belief that one should, on the basis of doing good for the patient, limit the patient's personal autonomy

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 19

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-A claim that does not create obligation

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 20

Match each principle to the definition listed below.

-The concept that requires fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources

A) Principle of double effect
B) Procedural justice
C) Correlative obligation
D) Imperfect obligation
E) Legal right
F) Paternalism
G) Perfect obligation

Question 21

List the seven basic principles of health care ethics.

Question 22

____________________ is seen in practices such as benevolent deception, where the practitioner intentionally withholds information from the patient, based on the feeling that the information will somehow hurt the patient.

Question 23

List three positive rights and three negative rights that you have as a citizen of the United States.

Question 24

One of the rights claimed in the Patient's Bill of Rights is that patients have the right to know and receive an explanation of their bill regardless of the source of payment. Write a policy statement that would be congruent with the correlative obligation associated with this patient right.

Question 25

Review the Tuskegee case study presented in the chapter, and give specific examples where each of the basic principles of health care ethics were compromised and sacrificed.

Question 26

The controversy over whether the U.S. government should pay for legal abortions is based on the difference between positive and negative rights. State the difference between the positive and negative rights and explain your answer.

Question 27

Explain how actions known as paternalism, which are often criticized and always suspect, are, in their best sense, an application of the principle of beneficence.

Question 28

Veracity, which means to tell the truth, is an important principle in health care ethics. Explain the harmful effects to the health care process when either the patient or practitioner lies.

Question 29

Dr. Kevorkian has called for a new health care specialty to be called Obiatrists. These specialists would administer drugs to assist clients in the dying process. Examine the basic principles of health care ethics and explain how each of the principles would relate to the new specialty.​

Question 30

Review the chapter section dealing with the principle of justice. In regard to distributive justice, select the method or combination of methods you feel is best suited to the distribution of health care and defend your choice.

Question 31

Review the principle of double effect found in the chapter. Based on the principle, could a nurse (with a written order) turn up the oxygen flowmeter to assist a dyspneic (having difficulty breathing) patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, knowing that oxygen, while making the patient more comfortable, often suppresses the respirations of these patients and might lead to respiratory failure? Explain your answer.

Question 32

Explain how the principle of informed consent is derived from the basic principle of autonomy.

Question 33

Differentiate among compensatory, retributive, procedural, and distributive justice.

Question 34

Some health care specialties such as nursing have patient advocacy as a high priority of their practice. What basic principles are supported by the adoption of patient advocacy as a major priority?

Question 35

Define the term benevolent deception and provide examples of the type of cases where this suspect practice might be appropriate.

Question 36

Define the term fiduciary relationship. Explain how this concept guides the practice of health care provision.

Question 37

The principle of autonomy deals with the right of the patient to self-determination. The need for informed consent flows directly from this principle. Explain what you would do if the patient, using the right to self-determination, demanded that he did not want to know.

Question 38

Assume that appropriate information had been provided to the patient. The health care providers are certain that the best choice for therapy is A, while the patient wants to choose another therapy, B, which has been shown to be ineffective. Who makes the decision and why? Can the patient make the decision to have ineffective therapy? Defend your answer.

Question 39

In the Tuskegee case study, it is clear that many, if not all, of the basic principles were compromised by the research. The research was continued for decades, with many physicians coming and going from the process. The one person who continued from start to finish was the nurse, Eunice Rivers. In that she obviously acted under direct orders of the physicians, is her conduct subject to ethical censure? Explain your answer.