Deck 13: Nucleic Acids

Question 1

The following image is a sugar found in nucleic acids:
It is ___ and is found in the nucleic acid ___.

A) ribose/DNA
B) deoxyribose/DNA
C) ribose/RNA
D) deoxyribose/RNA

Answer 1

ribose/RNA

Question 2

The following is a sugar found in nucleic acids:
It is ___ and is found in the nucleic acid ___.

A) ribose/DNA
B) 2-deoxyribose/DNA
C) ribose/RNA
D) 2-deoxyribose/RNA

Answer 2

2-deoxyribose/DNA

Question 3

In the following structure, which labeled structure is the sugar residue?

A) a
B) b
C) c

Answer 3

c

Question 4

The purines and the pyrimidines are organic bases which

A) contain alcoholic carbons.
B) have carbonyl carbons.
C) are amines.
D) include oxygen in the ring structure.

Question 5

A major base associated with the formation of nucleic acids is ___.

A) adenosine
B) thymine
C) uridine
D) deoxycytidine

Question 6

The most common nucleotides in nature are ___.

A) 3'-monophosphates
B) 5'-monophosphates
C) 1' monophosphates
D) 3'-5'-diphosphates

Question 7

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A) is an enzyme found in the cell.
B) can move about the cell.
C) is found in the nucleus of cells.
D) is a major component of cell membranes.

Question 8

How many bonds are broken when the following molecule is completely hydrolyzed?

A) 2
B) 1
C) 3
D) 4

Question 9

What is present in a nucleotide that is not found in a nucleoside?

A) a phosphate
B) a monosaccharide
C) an alcohol group
D) a nitrogen base

Question 10

When a purine or pyrimidine base is combined with a sugar residue such as ribose or deoxyribose, the resulting compound is known as a ___.

A) nucleoside
B) nucleotide
C) polynucleotide
D) oligonucleotide

Question 11

The following structure is known as a ___.

A) nucleoside
B) nucleotide
C) polynucleotide
D) oligonucleotide

Question 12

Phosphoric acid can enter in reactions to produce a phosphate ester. Which of these is a phosphate ester?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 13

A monosaccharide incorporated in a nucleic acid is ___.

A) $\beta$ -deoxyribose
B) 2-deoxyribose
C) $\beta$ -glucose
D) N-glycosidose

Question 14

A nucleoside is the result of the reaction of

A) phosphate and a monosaccharide.
B) ribose and deoxyribose.
C) a monosaccharide and an organic base.
D) a disaccharide, a phosphate, and a base residue.

Question 15

The base that will NOT combine with 2-deoxyribose to form a nucleic acid is ___.

A) thymine
B) adenine
C) guanine
D) uracil

Question 16

N-glycosides are

A) produced when the N-carbon of the alcohol reacts with a monosaccharide.
B) the result of the reaction of an N-monosaccharide and an acid.
C) $\beta$ -N-alcohols produced from the reaction of a monosaccharide and phosphate.
D) the result of an amine reacting with the hemiacetal carbon of a monosaccharide.

Question 17

The following structure represents which of the following nucleotides?

A) UMP
B) GDP
C) GTP
D) ATP

Question 18

DNA and RNA

A) differ in both their monosaccharide and nitrogen base components.
B) contain the same nitrogen bases, but different monosaccharides.
C) have the same composition, except for the monosaccharides.
D) are both produced by animals, but RNA is not produced by plants.

Question 19

To form the molecule below, dehydration takes place at C1 of the pentose ring and at an N-H hydrogen at position ___ of the purine base.

A) 6
B) 1
C) 9
D) 7

Question 20

A cyclic nucleotide is produced when

A) the monosaccharide in the nucleotide is in the closed form.
B) the nitrogen base is in the cyclic form.
C) the phosphate attaches to the monosaccharide and the base.
D) the phosphate attaches to the monosaccharide in two places.

Question 21

The triphosphate in ATP is linked to C-5' of the ribose by

A) a $\beta$ -N-glycosidic linkage.
B) a phosphoester bond.
C) a peptide bond.
D) a hydrogen bond.

Question 22

The C-1 of a ribose is linked to purine bases by

A) an ester bond.
B) an $\alpha$ -glycosidic bond.
C) a phosphate anhydride bond.
D) a $\beta$ -N-glycosidic bond.

Question 23

Cyclic nucleotides

A) are effectors for allosteric enzymes; they control the activities of an enzyme.
B) differ from most nucleotides; they have a single phosphate on the 3' and the 5' carbons.
C) contain two cyclic monosaccharides instead of one.
D) are those nucleotides that cause the triphosphate to bond to the monosaccharide twice.

Question 24

The following molecule is

A) adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)
B) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)
C) deoxythymidine 5' -monophosphate (dTMP)
D) guanosine 5' -triphosphate (GTP)

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true about the given nucleotide?

A) The nitrogen-containing base is a pyrimidine derivative.
B) The nucleotide can be found in both RNA and DNA.
C) The monosaccharide unit is 2-deoxyribose.
D) The phosphate group is attached to the monosaccharide at carbon 3'.

Question 26

Which sugar residue is present in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA?

A) 3-deoxyribose
B) 2- deoxyribose
C) ribose
D) sucrose

Question 27

The structures of DNA and RNA

A) alternate monosaccharide and phosphate components.
B) have a nitrogen base projecting off each monosaccharide.
C) are due to the chemical bond between the nitrogen base and the phosphate
D) have alternate monosaccharide and phosphate components and have a nitrogen base projecting off each monosaccharide.

Question 28

Transgenic goats have had human genes inserted into their DNA that code for the production of which of following serum protein anticoagulants?

A) thrombin
B) hemoglobin
C) antithrombin
D) insulin

Question 29

A characteristic of RNA that is not shared with DNA is

A) RNA is not found in the nucleus of cells; DNA is found in the nucleus.
B) the backbone of RNA does not contain phosphate.
C) RNA substitutes A for C in the base pairings.
D) RNA molecules are composed of a single strand.

Question 30

Although the primary structures of proteins and DNA are defined in the same manner, the secondary structures are not. The secondary structure of DNA is

A) the $\beta$ -helix formed by the strand
B) the sheets of DNA molecules laying side-by-side
C) the globular portions of the DNA structure
D) the double helix

Question 31

Which of the following determines the secondary structure of DNA?

A) the sequence of sugar molecules
B) complimentary base pairing
C) coiling of the helices into a tight, compact shape
D) the sequence of nucleotide residues

Question 32

DNA molecules in the nuclei are coiled around basic protein molecules called ___.

A) histones
B) chromatins
C) chromosomes
D) amino acids

Question 33

DNA carries the information for life

A) in the super coiled portions of the molecule.
B) by storing information in the patterns of the coils of the helices.
C) by the way in which the deoxyribose is oriented within the helices.
D) in a code which is a sequence of nitrogen bases.

Question 34

Which of the following determines the tertiary structure of DNA?

A) the sequence of sugar molecules
B) complimentary base pairing
C) coiling of the helices into a tight, compact shape
D) the sequence of nucleotide residues

Question 35

Which is a base pairing that DOES NOT occur within the DNA molecule?

A) G-C
B) A-T
C) C-A
D) all three pairings occur

Question 36

Chromatin is a molecule that

A) is produced from chromosomes during early cell reproduction.
B) coils and folds to become a chromosome before cell division occurs.
C) is a special form of DNA where protein interacts with the nitrogen bases.
D) is a special part of the tertiary structure of DNA composed of a single helix.

Question 37

Which of the following determines the primary structure of both DNA and RNA?

A) the sequence of sugar molecules
B) complimentary base pairing
C) coiling of the helices into a tight, compact shape
D) the sequence of nucleotide residues

Question 38

Which of the following sequence of bases in the DNA strand will be complimentary to the single DNA strand shown here to produce a double strand?
3' G-C-T-T-A-G-G-A-T 5'

A) 5' G-A-T-T-A-G-G-A-A 5'
B) 5' C-G-A-A-T-C-C-T-A 3'
C) 3' C-C-G-T-G-G-G-A-T 5'
D) 3' G-C-T-T-A-G-G-A-T 5'

Question 39

If DNA is heated and then cooled,

A) the DNA becomes denatured and then renatured.
B) the DNA becomes denatured and then twists into new shapes.
C) the strands of DNA separate and then come together end to end.
D) the strands of DNA establish more chemical bonds than before the heating.

Question 40

Replication is

A) the process by which DNA produces RNA prior to protein synthesis.
B) the process by which DNA produces a copy of itself prior to cell division.
C) the process by which RNA molecules generate the primary structure of proteins.
D) the process by which viral RNA is read to produce new DNA.

Question 41

Translation is

A) the process by which DNA produces RNA prior to protein synthesis.
B) the process by which DNA produces a copy of itself prior to cell division.
C) the process by which RNA molecules generate the primary structure of proteins.
D) the process by which viral RNA is read to produce new DNA.

Question 42

Transcription is

A) the process by which DNA produces RNA prior to protein synthesis.
B) the process by which DNA produces a copy of itself prior to cell division.
C) the process by which RNA molecules generate the primary structure of proteins.
D) the process by which viral RNA is read to produce new DNA.

Question 43

The function of RNA polymerase is to

A) cause the RNA molecule to increase in length during protein production.
B) cause the RNA molecule to coil into a shape that helps in DNA replication.
C) disrupt the double helix by isolating one strand from the other.
D) synthesize an RNA molecule that remains attached to the DNA.

Question 44

DNA polymerase is an enzyme involved in which process?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) reverse transcription

Question 45

Replication begins at a point in the DNA called the ___.

A) promoter site
B) origin
C) template strand
D) transcription site

Question 46

The ___ has a "cloverleaf" shape and carries the amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.

A) transfer RNA
B) messenger RNA
C) ribosomal RNA
D) transfer DNA

Question 47

tRNA is a type of RNA that is responsible for

A) transferring the information for protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes.
B) supplying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
C) carrying the newly formed protein out of the nucleus of the cell.
D) cutting long proteins into shorter molecules when the proteins are needed by the cell.

Question 48

Ribosomal RNA

A) is part of the ribosome and is a chemical complex of RNA and protein.
B) is the form of RNA that goes from the DNA to the ribosome.
C) is a short-strand RNA that is generally found outside of the nucleus.
D) is produced in the nucleus and remains there in contact with the ribosomes.

Question 49

Messenger RNA

A) carries information that specifies which protein is to be made.
B) supplies amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
C) carries the newly formed protein out of the nucleus of the cell.
D) is the form of RNA that goes from the DNA to the ribosome.

Question 50

A codon is

A) a code that is used to assemble long chains of amino acids.
B) the coded information carried on the DNA molecule which starts a new protein.
C) a set of 3 bases that call for a specific amino acid.
D) the special code of bases that cannot have more than one meaning.

Question 51

The ___ contains a 3-base sequence known as a codon that specifies a particular amino acid in protein synthesis.

A) transfer RNA
B) messenger RNA
C) ribosomal RNA
D) transfer DNA

Question 52

Viruses are particles that

A) contain DNA or RNA which can be injected into a cell.
B) have an exterior coat composed of protein.
C) can contain an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction to make DNA from the viral RNA.
D) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 53

Which is involved in expression?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) both transcription and translation

Question 54

A group of genes under control of one promoter site is a(n) ___.

A) recombinant DNA
B) operon
C) reverse transcription
D) mutation

Question 55

Among the mechanisms Escherichia coli has for the control of $\beta$ -galactosidase production is

A) that the combination of cAMP and CAP restricts the ability of RNA polymerase to function.
B) the presence of the lac operon necessary for the production of the enzyme to be halted reducing overproduction.
C) that glucose must be absent and galactose present for the production to begin.
D) that the speed with which the enzyme is produced is accelerated by the presence of both galactose and glucose.

Question 56

___ is any permanent change in the primary structure of DNA.

A) Recombinant DNA
B) Gene expression
C) Operon
D) Mutation

Question 57

If BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are defective

A) the probability of breast cancer is increased for women, but not for men.
B) the genes can be repaired by recombinational repair.
C) the probability of having breast cancer is nearly 100%.
D) the risk of having breast cancer rises from below 15% to as much as 85%.

Question 58

Combining DNA from two or more sources produces ___.

A) recombinant DNA
B) .gene expression
C) an operon
D) mutation

Question 59

The production of recombinant DNA requires cutting a gene from the DNA molecule. This cut can be made with the use of ___.

A) restriction enzymes
B) an electron microscope and forceps
C) a bacterial plasmid
D) ligases

Question 60

When recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria,

A) the bacteria no longer produce their own proteins and are very short lived.
B) the metabolism of the bacteria is not affected.
C) both the bacterial proteins and the new protein are produced.
D) the protein produced is exactly the same as if it were produced by the original cells.

Question 61

Recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce

A) tomatoes with a longer shelf life.
B) insulin produced by bacteria.
C) human growth hormone.
D) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 62

___ are short segments of single-stranded DNA that are complimentary to the DNA at the 3' end of the region being copied.

A) Codons
B) Primers
C) Histones
D) Chromatins

Question 63

Thymine is a base found in RNA and not in DNA.

Question 64

The bases adenine, guanine, and uracil are used in both DNA and RNA nucleotides.

Question 65

A nucleoside triphosphate contains two phosphoanhydride bonds.

Question 66

Polynucleotides have definite 5' and 3' ends (terminus).

Question 67

In the double strand of DNA, the sugar-phosphate backbones with their negatively charged phosphate groups are on the inside and the bases are on the outside.

Question 68

Guanine and cytosine bases will pair through hydrogen bonding in DNA.

Question 69

Adenine and Cytosine bases will pair through hydrogen bonding.

Question 70

DNA can be denatured by processes that disrupt hydrogen bonding and cause the strands to separate.

Question 71

An example of reverse transcription in human cells is the production of new DNA by the cell from the information stored in the RNA of the HIV virus.

Question 72

A ___ is an N-glycoside formed by combining a monosaccharide with a purine or a pyrimidine base.

Question 73

Formation of ___ bonds converts a nucleotide into a nucleoside diphosphate or triphosphate.

Question 74

The sequence of bases of a nucleic acid strand is read from the ___ end to the ___ end.

Question 75

The ___ structure of a nucleic acid is the sequence of nucleotides.

Question 76

___ are pairs of bases in a nucleic acid structure that can form hydrogen bonds to each other.

Question 77

The chain of nucleosomes is coiled to form a highly supercoiled ___.

Question 78

The process by which information in an RNA molecule is read so that a specific protein can be produced is ___.

Question 79

Prior to cell division, the DNA in the nucleus of the cell undergoes ___.

Question 80

___ catalyzes the production of new DNA.