Question 1

Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) have been shown to correlate with aggressive behaviours. They may be due to:&#10;A) Genes&#10;B) Anoxia&#10;C) Bleeding&#10;D) Infection&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are subtle physical features that can be indicative of developmental disturbances. These disturbances can be caused by a variety of factors including genetic variations (A), lack of oxygen (anoxia) (B), bleeding (C), and infections (D) during prenatal development. Each of these factors can disrupt normal development in a way that might lead to the appearance of MPAs.

Question 2

The greater the amount of maternal smoking during pregnancy, the greater the risk of criminality later in life.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown a correlation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increased risk of criminal behavior in offspring, likely due to the adverse effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on fetal brain development.

Question 3

Obstetrical (birth) complications interact with psychosocial risk factors, such as severe maternal rejection, when they exert an influence on antisocial behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the interaction between biological factors, such as obstetrical complications, and environmental factors, such as psychosocial stressors including severe maternal rejection, can contribute to the development of antisocial behavior. This interaction suggests that both biological vulnerabilities and adverse environmental conditions can work together to increase the risk of developing such behaviors.

Question 4

Below are three risk factors for antisocial behaviour. Two are post-natal risk factors and one is a prenatal risk factor. Can you identify the prenatal risk factor?&#10;A) Traumatic brain injury (TBI)&#10;B) Attachment&#10;C) Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Accepted Answer

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a prenatal risk factor because it occurs due to alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy, affecting the developing fetus.

Question 5

Which attachment style is most often associated with parental maltreatment and is sometimes indicative of the parent having experienced an unresolved loss or trauma of their own?&#10;A) Secure (autonomous) attachment&#10;B) Dismissive attachment&#10;C) Preoccupied/anxious attachment&#10;D) Disorganised attachment

Accepted Answer

Disorganised attachment is most often associated with parental maltreatment and can indicate that the parent has experienced unresolved loss or trauma. This attachment style is characterized by a lack of a clear strategy for dealing with stress and can result from inconsistent or frightening parental behavior.

Question 6

Attachment at the neurobiological level is primarily driven by oxytocin and _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Attachment at the neurobiological level is primarily...

Question 7

Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) has been linked to antisocial behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. Variations in the gene encoding MAO-A have been linked to increased risk of antisocial behavior, especially when combined with environmental factors like childhood maltreatment.

Question 8

The modification of which of these risk factors has not been shown to reduce antisocial behaviour?&#10;A) Prenatal alcohol exposure&#10;B) Smoking in pregnancy&#10;C) Omega-3 fatty acid supplements&#10;D) Prenatal education in nutrition, health, and parenting

Accepted Answer

The answer of The modification of which of these risk...

Question 9

A preoccupied/anxious attachment style is most commonly associated with psychopathy.

Accepted Answer

A preoccupied/anxious attachment style is not most commonly associated with psychopathy; rather, psychopathy is more often linked to avoidant or disorganized attachment styles, reflecting difficulties in forming close emotional bonds and empathy.

Question 10

______ disorder is often a precursor to antisocial behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ disorder is often a precursor to...

Question 11

The limbic system, particularly the amygdala and the anterior cingulated, is associated with social behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The limbic system, particularly the amygdala and...

Question 12

Give the full name of a technique that has been used to examine the structural integrity of the brain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give the full name of a technique...

Deck 4: Understanding Risk Factors for Offending: The Contributions of Neuroscience