Deck 2: Preconception Nutrition

Question 1

Loss of body fat in obese men and women is related to:

A)improved hormone levels.
B)reduced oxidative stress.
C)improved conception rates.
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the rate of miscarriages in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?

A)6%
B)7%
C)8%
D)9%

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Fat cells produce all of the following hormones that may interfere with reproductive processes EXCEPT

A)estrogen.
B)testosterone.
C)leptin.
D)insulin.
E)Fat cells do not produce any of these hormones.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All of the following factors have been related to impaired fertility in males EXCEPT:

A)high sperm count.
B)steroid abuse.
C)estrogen exposure.
D)excessive heat to testes.
E)chromosomal abnormalities in sperm.

Question 5

The _____ of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.

A)follicular phase
B)luteal phase
C)estrogen phase
D)primordial phase
E)None of the above

Question 6

The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the FOLLICULAR phase of a woman's cycle are:

A)follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone.
B)progesterone and estrogen.
C)follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
D)luteinizing hormone and progesterone.
E)luteinizing hormone and estrogen.

Question 7

Which of the following statements related to male and female fertility is true?

A)During a woman's fertile years,approximately 1000 ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization.
B)For men,sperm numbers and viability decrease somewhat after age 50.
C)For both men and women,the quality of eggs and sperm decrease somewhat with age.
D)All of the above are true

Question 8

A body mass index (BMI)>_____ is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women.

A)17
B)20
C)25
D)30
E)35

Question 9

Which of the following factors would NOT be related to infertility in women?

A)A high alcohol intake
B)Excessive exercise
C)A strict vegan diet
D)Having the flu virus and not eating for a day

Question 10

What hormone triggers the production of testosterone by the testes?

A)Follicle-stimulating hormone
B)Luteinizing hormone
C)Progesterone
D)Estrogen
E)a and b
F)c and d

Question 11

Ovulation results from a surge in the hormone _____.

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)luteinizing hormone
D)follicle-stimulating hormone
E)gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 12

The recommended first line of treatment for an underweight woman with amenorrhea is to _____.

A)start exercising
B)gain weight
C)see a health care provider to obtain a medical prescription that helps with fertility
D)None of the above

Question 13

The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____.

A)follicular phase
B)luteal phase
C)estrogen phase
D)primordial phase
E)None of the above

Question 14

Couples having regular,unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle.

A)15-20%
B)20-25%
C)25-30%
D)30-50%
E)50-75%

Question 15

Endometriosis is defined as:

A)scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes.
B)the condition in which endometrial tissue becomes embedded within other body tissues.
C)a modification of pregnancy hormones that results in infertility.
D)an infection of the cervix.
E)the inability to get pregnant.

Question 16

Fertility refers to _____.

A)the biological ability to bear children after intercourse
B)the absence of production of children
C)the actual production of children
D)the number of births per 1000 miscarriages

Question 17

Approximately what % of couples fail to conceive within 12 months of attempting pregnancy?

A)25%
B)10%
C)50%
D)15%

Question 18

The most common cause of miscarriage for women is:

A)structural abnormalities in the uterus.
B)the presence of a severe defect in the fetus.
C)maternal infection.
D)endocrine disorders.
E)unknown random events.

Question 19

Which of the following nutrition factors would NOT be related to infertility in men?

A)Following a weight-loss diet that resulted in a body weight 15% below normal
B)Eating a diet containing animal products
C)A high alcohol intake
D)An inadequate intake of antioxidants
E)An inadequate intake of zinc

Question 20

The leading diagnosis related to infertility is _____.

A)endocrine abnormalities that modify hormonal regulation of fertility
B)excessive exercise in women
C)environmental contaminants such as lead and mercury
D)obesity in men
E)"unknown" causes

Question 21

Current forms of contraceptives for women include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)contraceptive implants.
B)nasal inhalants.
C)hormone-releasing IUDs.
D)monthly vaginal rings.
E)pills that contain estradiol and progestin.

Question 22

The primary effect(s)of being underweight on reproduction in women is/are:

A)high likelihood of maternal complications.
B)the birth of small and early infants.
C)spina bifida or other NTDs.
D)All of the above
E)Both a and b

Question 23

The recommended daily intake of folic acid for ALL women who may become pregnant is:

A)40 mcg.
B)40 mg.
C)400 mcg.
D)400 mg.
E)400

Question 24

Decreased fertility in men is related to sperm _____.

A)number
B)motility
C)quality
D)a and c
E)a,b,and c

Question 25

When women are trying to get pregnant it is recommended that they _____.

A)drink in the evening to help with sleep
B)drink one glass of wine daily to reduce the effects of stress
C)drink one can of beer daily
D)restrict their alcohol intake

Question 26

Women who experience multiple miscarriages,men who have sperm abnormalities,and women that ovulate infrequently may be classified as:

A)fertile.
B)infertile.
C)subfertile.
D)menopausal.
E)infecund.

Question 27

What are potential consequences of delaying conception until you are in your 40s?

A)Decreased chance of conception
B)Sperm become less viable
C)Higher likelihood for chromosomal abnormalities
D)All of the above
E)b and c only

Question 28

Which of the following statements is a Healthy People 2020 nutrition objective for the nation related to preconception?

A)Increase the proportion of women who are at a healthy weight prior to pregnancy by 10%
B)Reduce the proportion of women aged 18-44 years who have impaired fecundity by 10%
C)Increase the proportion of women who did not drink alcohol prior to pregnancy by 10%
D)All of the above
E)a and c only

Question 29

Cramps and other side effects of menstruation can be traced back to the production of _____ by the uterus.

A)progesterone
B)estrogen
C)prostaglandins
D)pituitary hormones
E)both a and b

Question 30

A woman in her late forties wanted to increase the likelihood of becoming pregnant.She bought natural estrogen capsules over the Internet and increased her dietary fat intake.What information would be important for her to understand?

A)Females are born with their lifetime supply of eggs.
B)Estrogen may have an inhibitory effect on fertility.
C)Weight gain can lead to infertility.
D)Infertility increases with increasing age.
E)All of the above

Question 31

The specific 2020 nutrition objective to reduce iron deficiency in females of childbearing age by 10% is important because:

A)women with iron deficiency are at increased risk for having babies with neural tube defects.
B)women with iron deficiency are at increased risk for early delivery.
C)babies of women with iron deficiency are at increased risk for developing iron deficiency within the first year of life.
D)All of the above
E)b and c only

Question 32

Nutritional exposures before and very early in pregnancy may disrupt fetal growth and development.Which of the following would NOT be considered an adverse nutritional exposure?

A)Iodine deficiency
B)Obesity
C)Alcohol intake
D)Poorly controlled glucose
E)All of the above would be considered adverse nutritional exposures.

Question 33

The primary reason women have given for discontinuation of progestin only contraceptives (e.g. ,Depo-Provera)is:

A)weight gain.
B)irritability.
C)fatigue.
D)headache.
E)abdominal pain.

Question 34

In order to reduce the incidence of spina bifida and neural tube defects prior to conception,women should eat _____.

A)fortified breakfast cereal
B)fruits and vegetables
C)refined grain cereals
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 35

Which of the following nutritional exposures before and very early in pregnancy would NOT disrupt fetal growth and development?

A)Lack of folate in diet
B)Poorly controlled blood glucose
C)Overexposure to lead
D)Excessive vitamin A
E)Normal iron levels in the blood

Question 36

When hormones are altered in the body,many changes take place that affect fertility;which of the following would NOT be one of those changes?

A)Change in length or presence of the luteal phase
B)A decrease in the production of sperm
C)Alterations in the passageways that ova and sperm travel
D)Absence of the follicular phase
E)All of the above would be changes that occur.

Question 37

Women taking oral contraceptive pills are cautioned against:

A)large amounts of animal products.
B)too many carbohydrates.
C)more than cup peanut butter weekly.
D)smoking.
E)All of the above

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT related to oral contraceptive use?

A)Weight loss
B)Decreased blood levels of HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol)
C)Increased risk of blood clots
D)Increased levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol)
E)Increased blood glucose and insulin

Question 39

Which of the following dietary components has NOT been shown to have a relationship to impaired fertility in women?

A)A regular intake of soy foods
B)A low fat intake (<20%)
C)Alcohol
D)Caffeine
E)Vitamin D

Question 40

A decrease in the production of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)would result in:

A)a decrease in the production of FSH and LH.
B)a lack of follicular development.
C)the absence of ovulation.
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 41

Estrogen levels in women play a role in the development of infertility.

Question 42

Young female athletes often experience a delay in menarch of approximately what duration?

A)1-2 years
B)2-4 years
C)No delay in menarch
D)6 mo-1 year
E)None of the above

Question 43

Jane is 30 and has a BMI of 18;she and her husband have been trying to get pregnant for over a year,but she is not ovulating.Why would her doctor recommend weight gain and exercise instead of prescribing medication to induce ovulation?

A)For a woman 30 years old,it is too risky to prescribe medication.
B)There are no medications on the market that induce ovulation.
C)She is underweight and needs to have a BMI >20 before conceiving.
D)Drugs that induce ovulation are less effective in underweight women.
E)a and d
F)c and d

Question 44

Which of the following would NOT be a component of the Nutrition Care Process?

A)Nutrition assessment
B)Nutrition diagnosis
C)Nutrition intervention
D)Nutrition screening
E)Nutrition monitoring

Question 45

The subfertility of one partner can be overcome by the reproductive capacity in the other partner.

Question 46

Adequate folate intake is needed before conception.

Question 47

Women trying to get pregnant should avoid ALL sources of caffeine.

Question 48

Women should have annual examinations by their obstetrician to make sure they do not have pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)because:

A)PID can cause less estrogen to be secreted,thus blocking ovulation.
B)PID can lead to scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes.
C)PID transferred to a male can cause sperm to become less viable.
D)PID can increase the lining of the endometrium.
E)PID decreases zinc absorption.

Question 49

In all cases where positive dietary changes are made before becoming pregnant,infertility is always resolved.

Question 50

The alcohol consumption recommendation for men is the same as the alcohol consumption recommendation for women.

Question 51

In a "typical" 28-day cycle,when would levels of luteinizing hormone most likely be the highest?

A)Day 1
B)Day 7
C)Day 10
D)Day 14
E)Day 28

Question 52

Your best friend is pregnant and asks you to recommend foods that will increase her iron stores.Which of the following would be the best choice?

A)Oatmeal
B)A hamburger with tomato slices
C)Canned spinach
D)Seasonal fruit
E)Frozen peas

Question 53

The preconception period is a prime time for couples to make positive behavioral changes in their lifestyle habits to ensure the best possible outcome.

Question 54

A 10-15% weight loss in normal-weight men and women will negatively affect their reproductive capacity.

Question 55

Weight loss decreases fertility in men just as it does in women.

Question 56

Which hormone(s)produced by the corpus luteum is/are a common component of oral contraceptives and inhibit(s)ovulation?

A)Estrogen
B)Follicle-stimulating hormone
C)Progesterone
D)a and b
E)a and c