Question 1

A type of leucocyte that attacks and destroys bacteria and viruses through phagocytosis, especially during the early phase of inflammation:&#10;A) Monocyte&#10;B) Lymphocyte&#10;C) Neutrophil&#10;D) Eosinophil

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system by attacking and destroying bacteria and viruses through the process of phagocytosis, particularly during the early stages of inflammation. They are the most abundant type of white blood cells in most mammals and are among the first responders to microbial infection.

Question 2

Which among the following is a function of the spleen?&#10;A) It produces RBC during fetal development&#10;B) It removes old and defective erythrocytes from the circulation&#10;C) It stores platelets&#10;D) All are correct

Accepted Answer

The spleen has multiple functions including producing red blood cells (RBCs) during fetal development, removing old and defective erythrocytes from the circulation, and storing platelets.

Question 3

The most common cause of anaemia.&#10;A) Vitamin B12 deficiency&#10;B) Iron deficiency&#10;C) Abnormal RBCs&#10;D) Folate deficiency

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia globally, affecting a significant portion of the population, especially women and children. It occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron to produce adequate hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen.

Question 4

What is the normal RBC count?&#10;A) 115-165 g/L&#10;B) 4.0-11.0 &#215;1012/L&#10;C) 3.8-5.8 &#215; 1012/L&#10;D) 150-400 &#215; 1012/L

Accepted Answer

The normal RBC (Red Blood Cell) count for adults is typically in the range of 3.8-5.8 × 10^12/L, which corresponds to choice C.

Question 5

The following are signs and symptoms of sickle cell crisis, EXCEPT:&#10;A) Hot flushes&#10;B) Periodic episodes of pain&#10;C) Anaemia or jaundice&#10;D) Shortness of breath/hypoxia

Accepted Answer

Hot flushes are not a typical sign or symptom of sickle cell crisis. Sickle cell crisis commonly presents with periodic episodes of pain, anemia or jaundice, and shortness of breath/hypoxia due to the sickling of red blood cells that block blood flow.

Question 6

What laboratory abnormality is expected to appear for a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation?&#10;A) Prolonged PT,TT and APTT&#10;B) Low platelet count&#10;C) Prolonged PT,TT and APTT and Low platelet count&#10;D) None are correct

Accepted Answer

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by systemic activation of blood coagulation, which results in generation and deposition of fibrin, leading to microvascular thrombi in various organs and contributing to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Laboratory findings in DIC typically include prolonged prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), as well as a low platelet count due to consumption of coagulation factors and platelets.

Question 7

The most common form of immunosuppressive effects of chemotherapy:&#10;A) Leukaemia&#10;B) Anaemia&#10;C) Neutropenia&#10;D) Thrombocytopenia

Accepted Answer

Neutropenia is the most common immunosuppressive effect of chemotherapy because it involves a decrease in neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell crucial for fighting off infections.

Question 8

Cytotoxic precautions can be best observed by:&#10;A) Precaution with body fluid excreta and blood wastes within 48 hours after infusional chemotherapy&#10;B) Isolating the patient with contact precautions&#10;C) Airborne cytotoxic protocol is initiated.&#10;D) All are correct

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic precautions are specifically related to handling body fluids, excreta, and blood wastes of patients who have received chemotherapy, particularly within 48 hours after treatment, due to the presence of cytotoxic agents in these materials. Isolating the patient with contact precautions or initiating airborne cytotoxic protocols are not standard cytotoxic precautions.

Question 9

A sepsis due to neutropenia may present the following symptoms, EXCEPT:&#10;A) Fever&#10;B) Hypothermia&#10;C) Bronchoconstriction&#10;D) Body malaise

Accepted Answer

Bronchoconstriction is not typically a symptom of sepsis due to neutropenia. Sepsis symptoms generally include fever, hypothermia, and body malaise, but bronchoconstriction is more associated with conditions affecting the airways directly, such as asthma or allergic reactions.

Question 10

What is NOT a special characteristic of a cancer cell&#10;A) Avoids immune destructions&#10;B) maintains tumour promoting inflammation&#10;C) resist cell death&#10;D) Promotes cell death

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells are characterized by their ability to avoid immune destruction, maintain tumor-promoting inflammation, and resist cell death. Promoting cell death is not a characteristic of cancer cells; instead, they tend to avoid or resist cell death to continue proliferating.

Question 11

What is neoadjuvant treatment?&#10;A) Systemic treatment given prior to surgery to reduce tumour size&#10;B) Systemic treatment given prior to surgery to increase tumour size&#10;C) Systemic treatment given after surgery to reduce tumour size&#10;D) Systemic treatment given after surgery to increase tumour size

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is neoadjuvant treatment?&#10;A) Systemic treatment given...

Question 12

Carcinogenesis begins with:&#10;A) Cellular genetic mutation&#10;B) Cellular death&#10;C) Cellular activation&#10;D) Cellular division

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carcinogenesis begins with:&#10;A) Cellular genetic mutation&#10;B) Cellular...

Question 13

What tumours can NOT be staged using the TNM classification? (tumour, nodes, metastasis)&#10;A) Brain tumours&#10;B) Breast cancers&#10;C) Lung cancers&#10;D) Haematological tumours

Accepted Answer

The answer of What tumours can NOT be staged using...

Deck 29: Oncological and Haematological Emergencies