Question 1

The release of adrenaline and noradrenaline is a result of:&#10;A) Parasympathetic stimulation&#10;B) Sympathetic stimulation&#10;C) Both&#10;D) None are correct

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are released as a result of sympathetic nervous system stimulation, which is activated during stress or danger, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response.

Question 2

The steroid hormone that regulates sodium-potassium concentration in the blood:&#10;A) Aldosterone&#10;B) Oestrogen&#10;C) Renin&#10;D) All are correct

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is the steroid hormone responsible for regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the blood, primarily by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys.

Question 3

The hormones that control serum calcium concentration:&#10;A) PTH and LTH&#10;B) PTH and aldosterone&#10;C) PTH and calcitonin&#10;D) PTH and oestrogen

Accepted Answer

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) and calcitonin are directly involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels. PTH increases serum calcium levels, while calcitonin decreases them.

Question 4

The type of shock that occurs due to loss of intravascular volume secondary to profuse bleeding:&#10;A) Cardiogenic&#10;B) Hypovolaemic&#10;C) Obstructive&#10;D) Distributive

Accepted Answer

Hypovolaemic shock occurs due to a significant loss of blood or fluid from the circulatory system, leading to decreased intravascular volume and inadequate tissue perfusion.

Question 5

A type of shock characterised by hypotension and evidence of confusion:&#10;A) Septic shock&#10;B) Hypovolaemic shock&#10;C) Cardiogenic shock&#10;D) Anaphylactic shock

Accepted Answer

Anaphylactic shock is characterized by hypotension and evidence of confusion.

Question 6

A type of shock resulting from a severe antibody-antigen reaction relating to allergen exposure:&#10;A) Anaphylactic shock&#10;B) Hypovolaemic shock&#10;C) Cardiogenic shock&#10;D) Sepsis

Accepted Answer

Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs when someone is exposed to an allergen. It is characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure and narrowing of the airways, which can lead to difficulty breathing and other symptoms.

Question 7

An element in the feedback loop that is composed of sensitive cells or tissues that measure and monitor regulated variables:&#10;A) Error signal&#10;B) Control centre&#10;C) Receptors&#10;D) Set point

Accepted Answer

Receptors are the elements in a feedback loop that are composed of sensitive cells or tissues. Their role is to measure and monitor changes in the environment or within the body, which are then reported to the control center to maintain homeostasis.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic stimulation?&#10;A) Increased digestion&#10;B) Retention of urine&#10;C) Dry mouth&#10;D) Increased heart rate

Accepted Answer

Increased digestion is an example of parasympathetic stimulation. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" functions, which include promoting digestion.

Deck 10: Physiology and Pathophysiology for Emergency Care