Deck 7: Cognition, Learning, and Intelligence

Question 1

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Accommodation

Answer 1

Piaget's term for adjusting exploratory actions in response to an object's novel characteristics.

Question 2

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Allocentric framework

Answer 2

Spatial orientation that is based on external cues in the environment.

Question 3

What is the definition of the following terms?
-A-not-B error

Answer 3

Piaget's term for the tendency, first seen around 8 months of age, for infants to search for objects at locations from which they previously successfully retrieved objects, even thought they saw the object being hidden at a different location.

Question 4

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Arbitrary relations

Question 5

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Assimilation

Question 6

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) (222)

Question 7

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Categorization

Question 8

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Coordination of secondary schemes

Question 9

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Deferred imitation

Question 10

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Egocentric

Question 11

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Egocentric framework

Question 12

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Egocentric speech

Question 13

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Enabling relations

Question 14

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Explicit memory

Question 15

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Gaze following

Question 16

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Guided participation

Question 17

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Implicit memory

Question 18

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Joint attention

Question 19

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Long-term memory

Question 20

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Mental combinations

Question 21

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Mental representation

Question 22

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Object permanence

Question 23

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Play

Question 24

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Preoperational thought

Question 25

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Pretend/symbolic play

Question 26

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Primary circular reactions

Question 27

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Recall memory

Question 28

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Recognition memory

Question 29

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Reflex schemes

Question 30

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Representational insight

Question 31

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Scaffolding

Question 32

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Schemes

Question 33

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Secondary circular reactions

Question 34

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Sensorimotor intelligence

Question 35

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Short-term memory

Question 36

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Sociocultural contexts

Question 37

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Tertiary circular reactions

Question 38

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Theory of mind (ToM)

Question 39

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Violation-of-expectation procedure

Question 40

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 41

All of the following statements about social play are supported by research except

A) mothers are more likely than fathers to use play as an opportunity for teaching infants about words and routines
B) play with peers and siblings appears to be universal and begins at a very early age
C) adult-infant play often consists of singing games with hand and arm movements
D) there are few cross-cultural differences in the way that parents play with their infants

Question 42

Eighteen-month-old Joey, sitting at the breakfast table one morning, suddenly moves a piece of toast across his plate while saying "vroom, vroom!" This behavior most likely indicates that Joey

A) is in the sensorimotor stage
B) has been watching too much television with his older brother
C) is engaging in pretend/symbolic play
D) is demonstrating a form of social play

Question 43

When Mai's mother joins her in pretend play, all of the following are likely to occur except

A) more time will be spent setting up clarifying roles and specifying the play theme than if Mai were playing by herself
B) the quality of play will be influenced by her mother's participation
C) the play episode will be shorter than if Mai were playing on her own
D) Mai's mother will engage in verbal and nonverbal behaviors that are different from those that she normally displays

Question 44

According to Piaget, which type of intelligence do infants use from birth to age 2?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) paradigmatic

Question 45

When infants encounter new objects and use actions that they have previously used to interact with other similar objects, Piaget's theory says that they are using

A) concepts
B) schemes
C) constructions
D) schisms

Question 46

The A-not-B error refers to infants'

A) persistent searches for an object at a location (A) where it was previously found, despite having observed it being hidden anew at a different location (B)
B) search errors during the stage of primary circular reactions
C) verbal behavior during activities that is directed toward themselves (A) rather than others (B)
D) patterns of social interaction (A) and structured activity (B) during joint problem solving

Question 47

The cognitive phenomenon for which Piaget's assertions have been replicated and supported by the majority of subsequent studies is

A) the A-not-B error
B) object permanence
C) violation-of-expectations
D) representational insight

Question 48

According to Piaget, mental representation contributes to all of the following abilities except

A) pretend/symbolic play
B) repeating actions to achieve specific outcomes
C) using gestures to communicate ideas
D) deferred imitation

Question 49

When Carlos receives a gift of an unusual new toy and adjusts his exploratory actions to its characteristics, he is engaging in

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) anticipation
D) coordination

Question 50

In a laboratory study, 4-month-old Martin watches a ball roll down a track despite the presence of a visible barrier in its path. The procedure being used in this study appears to be

A) object permanence
B) A-not-B
C) visual preference
D) violation-of-expectation

Question 51

The distance between a child's ability to solve a problem alone and the performance that can be achieved when assisted by a more capable individual is known as

A) guided participation
B) joint attention
C) scaffolding
D) the zone of proximal development

Question 52

In which community did Rogoff and her colleagues observe parents standing to the side, ready to help the child during exploration, but remaining in the adult role rather than becoming engaged with the child as a peer?

A) middle-class United States
B) middle-class Turkey
C) nonmiddle-class Guatemala
D) urban-dwelling American Indian

Question 53

Whereas Piaget viewed cognitive development as the result of the child's own exploratory actions, Vygotsky believed that cognitive abilities develop

A) as a result of the child's mental representations rather than physical actions
B) only after children learn to use language to communicate
C) in sociocultural contexts and through social interaction
D) as a result of brain maturation

Question 54

All of the following are correct statements about guided participation except

A) it occurs primarily in traditional cultures in developing countries
B) it encompasses explicit and implicit instruction as well as nonverbal demonstrations by more skilled members of a community
C) it reflects the goals and beliefs of childrearing in particular cultural contexts
D) it is an extension of Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development

Question 55

Juanita's mother helped her learn how to dress herself by making up a song to accompany the actions involved in putting on a shirt and articles of clothing. Later, when Juanita gets dressed on her own, she sings this song. According to Vygotsky's theory, this is an example of

A) allocentric speech
B) egocentric speech
C) social referencing
D) cultural contextualizing

Question 56

Two-year-old Carson lives in a community in which children are usually kept apart from their parents' daily work activities. Which of the following is unlikely to be true about play and other interactions between Carson and his parents?

A) His parents do not offer explicit suggestions and prompts for Carson to follow.
B) His parents take charge when Carson is presented with a new toy, joining in the exploration of it.
C) His parents sit on the floor next to Carson, much as a peer or sibling would.
D) His parents' actions prepare Carson for the world of school (and preschool), which emphasizes following spoken or written instructions given by an adult teacher.

Question 57

Cognitive science studies of infants' attention have shown that

A) longer looking times during habituation indicate more thorough processing of a stimulus
B) duration of looking time in the standard habituation procedure tends to increase with age
C) individual differences in duration of looking time during habituation tend to be stable over time
D) measures of looking time are invalid and should be replaced by event-related potential (ERP) recordings of brain activity during habituation

Question 58

If Max is a typically developing infant, he will look longest at which type of visual display?

A) Static pictures of faces
B) Moving dot patterns
C) A static grid pattern
D) A Sesame Street video

Question 59

Newborns prefer looking at

A) abstract patterns that resemble human faces
B) human faces with open eyes that are focused on them
C) animal faces
D) their own reflection in a mirror

Question 60

Studies of gaze following have found that

A) before the age of 8 months, infants who follow another person's gaze toward an object do not learn about the object because they focus on the other person instead of looking at the object
B) by 14 months of age, infants begin to understand the role of the eyes in attending to the environment
C) as early as 6 months of age, infants understand that they will see the same sight as another person whose gaze and head movement they are following
D) infants on the autism spectrum have more advanced gaze following abilities than typically developing infants

Question 61

Eighteen-month-old Raoul is on the autism spectrum; like many young children on the spectrum, he has more difficulty with ___ than with ___.

A) sensorimotor tasks; theory of mind tasks
B) initiating joint attention (IJA); responsive joint attention (RJA)
C) gaze switching; gaze following
D) object-oriented attention; person-oriented attention

Question 62

Infant memory is enhanced if

A) enabling relations are present
B) the information to be remembered involves arbitrary relations
C) the information to be remembered is not repeated too frequently
D) verbal labels and cues are not used

Question 63

Infants' long-term memory abilities have been investigated by using all of the following techniques except

A) habituation-dishabituation
B) novelty preference
C) conditioning
D) verbal reports

Question 64

Infants' long-term memory ability increases when parts of the hippocampus mature, typically

A) by the age of about 12 months
B) around 6 months
C) around 6 months.
D) by the end of the first month of life

Question 65

Five-month-old Danielle is participating in a laboratory study in which her leg is tethered to an overhead mobile with a ribbon. To Danielle's delight, when she kicks her legs, the mobile moves. One week later, Danielle returns to the same laboratory setting, but the researchers do not attach a ribbon from her leg to the mobile. If Danielle remembers her previous visit to the lab, she will most likely

A) cry because she has no way of activating the mobile without the ribbon being attached to her leg
B) stare at the mobile, waiting for it to move
C) kick her legs, because doing so the last time made the mobile move
D) increase her vocalizing until the researcher returns with the ribbon

Question 66

Eight-month-old Sarah is presented with a collection of small objects, including dolls, toy animals, and toy cars. If she has developed categorization, she most likely will

A) place each doll or animal next to a toy car, creating sets of "drivers" and vehicles
B) put all of the dolls in one group, the toy animals in a second group, and the toy cars in a third group
C) not be able to manipulate the objects, and the researchers will use her visual behavior as an indicator of her ability to categorize the objects
D) choose to play with just the dolls, since she is a girl (a boy would almost always select the cars)

Question 67

One of the best-known measures of intelligence over the first three years of life is the

A) Brazelton Behavior Scales of Development
B) Bornstein Infant Assessment
C) Piagetian Sensorimotor Scale
D) Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 68

All of the following are characteristics of infant intelligence tests except

A) scores vary from one testing time to another
B) scores are poor at predicting later performance on traditional intelligence tests
C) they are relatively unaffected by infants' states of arousal because test administrators work with infants to elicit their best performance
D) items measure perceptual and motor development, which are not usually included in tests designed for older children and adults

Question 69

Which of the following has been shown to be moderately successful as a predictor of later intelligence?

A) getting a high score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B) achieving a low score on the Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales of Sensorimotor Development
C) being a "short looker" in a test of habituation
D) being a "long looker" in a test of habituation

Question 70

Josie is being given one of the most recently developed measures of infant intelligence, which examines infants'

A) visual-perceptual skills, such as efficiency of habituation
B) temperament, such as "difficultness" and "irritability"
C) fine and gross motor skills
D) vocal/verbal behavior, such as babbling and uttering individual words