Deck 12: Stress and Illness Moderators and Interventions

Question 1

Which of the following is not a coping strategy that could be used to reduce the threat of examinations?

A) revision
B) Buying the books needed for revision
C) Going out with friends to forget about the exam
D) All three could be considered coping strategies

Answer 1

All three could be considered coping strategies

Question 2

Cohen and Lazarus (1979) described five main coping functions, each of which contributes to successful adaptation to a stressor. Which of the following did they not identify?

A) Reducing harmful external conditions
B) Maintaining a positive self-image
C) Tolerating or adjusting to negative events
D) Gaining support in response to the stressor

Answer 2

Gaining support in response to the stressor

Question 3

Endler et al. (1998) assess across three dimensions. Which of these includes behaviours including distraction and social diversion?

A) Avoidance oriented
B) Emotion oriented
C) Task oriented
D) All of the above

Answer 3

Avoidance oriented

Question 4

Stanton et al. (2000) examined 'emotional-approach coping' and distinguished between

A) emotional expression and emotional stability.
B) emotional processing and emotional negativity.
C) emotional expression and emotional processing.
D) emotional appraisal and emotional expression.

Question 5

Internal locus of control is commonly associated with what type of coping?

A) Emotion-focused coping
B) Blunting
C) Problem-focused coping
D) None of the above

Question 6

Control can reduce the stressfulness of an event by altering appraisal, emotion or by influencing the coping response adopted. What types of control are there?

A) Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and emotional
B) Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational
C) Emotional, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational
D) Retrospective, emotional, behavioural, decisional and informational

Question 7

In what way/ways can personality impact on illness?

A) Personality is never a predictor of illness
B) Personality would never promote unhealthy behaviour
C) Personality always plays a role in illness progression
D) Personality may play a role in illness progression

Question 8

Other than neuroticism, what other construct or pervasive trait plays a central role in the stress-health relationship?

A) Extroversion
B) Conscientiousness
C) Openness
D) Negative affectivity

Question 9

A construct related to dispositional optimism is that of unrealistic optimism. What else is this sometimes known as?

A) Defensive optimism
B) Situational optimism
C) Realistic optimism
D) None of the above

Question 10

Kobasa (1979) described a concept of 'hardiness' and found it to buffer people against the negative effects of stress. Hardiness consisted of which components?

A) Perceived susceptibility, high self -efficacy and self confidence
B) Perceived control, a sense of commitment and view change as challenge
C) Optimism, perceived support and view change as challenge
D) Type A characteristics, optimism and a sense of commitment

Question 11

Type A behaviour is manifest in several actions and emotions. Which of the following is not associated with type A behaviour?

A) Compliance
B) Impatience
C) Hostility
D) Competitiveness

Question 12

What mechanisms have not been explored, in relation to the pathways through which hostility might be having an effect on health status?

A) Low capacity to benefit from interpersonal support
B) Stress reactivity
C) Engaging in unhealthy behaviours
D) Engaging in healthy behaviours

Question 13

It has been suggested that a 'cancer-prone' type C personality would show the following characteristics:

A) Stoic, passive and non-emotionally attached
B) Stoic, neurotic, passive
C) Neurotic, stoic, withdrawn
D) High neuroticism, cooperation, introversion and emotional expression

Question 14

What are the main types of social support?

A) Behavioural, esteem, instrumental, informational and network
B) Emotional, circumstantial, instrumental informational and network
C) Emotional, esteem, instrumental, informational and network
D) Emotional, esteem, intangible, informational and network

Question 15

Vogt et al. (1992) found that a lack of social networks strongly predicted mortality in which disease(s)?

A) Influenza
B) Inflammatory Bowel Disease
C) Depression
D) Stroke

Question 16

There are two theories which may explain the benefits of social support. What are they?

A) Direct effects hypothesis and buffering hypothesis
B) Direct impact hypothesis and cushion hypothesis
C) Direct effects hypothesis and bumper hypothesis
D) Direct impact hypothesis and buffering hypothesis

Question 17

Breast cancer patients who reported good social support were found to have lower levels of what in the morning (Turner-Cobb et al. 2000)?

A) Neuroendocrine
B) Endorphins
C) Cortisol
D) Prolactin

Question 18

Beliefs, assumptions and thoughts about a situation that contribute to negative emotions are targeted in which cognitive intervention?

A) Catastrophic thinking
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Changing triggers
D) Relaxation training

Question 19

According to Roebroek et al., (2009) what is an issue with individually targeted stress management workplace programs?

A) There are no issues with these programs
B) People already believe they know everything about stress management so they do not attend
C) The majority of people who attend have anxiety
D) The majority of people who do attend seem to have relatively few stress-related problems

Question 20

Meta-analyses show that in hospital settings what helps for children and adults in reducing outcomes in stress in operations?

A) Playing music for children, and clown visits for adults
B) Clown visits for children, and playing music for adults
C) Playing music worked for both children and adults
D) Nothing worked in reducing anxiety around operations in either group