Question 1

According to Morrison and Bennett, what are some of the limitations of the 'life events approach' to stress and illness?&#10;A) Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event&#10;B) Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and no allowance for stressors being counteracted&#10;C) Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and consideration of some life events not being stressful&#10;D) Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, poor recall of stressors

Accepted Answer

The 'life events approach' to stress and illness, as critiqued by Morrison and Bennett, is limited by its reliance on retrospective research, which can be affected by poor recall and subjective interpretation of past events. The approach also suffers from the inclusion of age-inappropriate items, which may not be relevant or impactful across different age groups. Additionally, it assumes that individuals will rank the stress of each event similarly, ignoring personal differences in perception and resilience.

Question 2

Stress as a response cannot be measured using physical and physiological indices, such as&#10;A) Blood pressure&#10;B) galvanic skin response&#10;C) salivary secretory immunoglobulins&#10;D) subjectively looking at a patient

Accepted Answer

Subjectively looking at a patient is not a measurable physical or physiological index, unlike blood pressure, galvanic skin response, and salivary secretory immunoglobulins, which can be quantitatively measured.

Question 3

Kanner (1981) found that gender played a role in psychological symptoms following 'hassles' and 'uplifts'. Which one of the following is correct?&#10;A) Women experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.&#10;B) Men experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.&#10;C) Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.&#10;D) Men experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.

Accepted Answer

Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts, indicating that their emotional responses can be triggered by both negative and positive events, unlike men who typically show less psychological symptoms in response to uplifts.

Question 4

In Lazarus' (1984) early transactional model of stress, what follows primary appraisal?&#10;A) Assessment of one's coping potential&#10;B) An emotional response&#10;C) A behavioural response&#10;D) A coping effort

Accepted Answer

In Lazarus' transactional model of stress, after primary appraisal, the individual assesses their coping potential, which is known as secondary appraisal.

Question 5

According to Hobfoll (1991), the quantification of resources and their depletion fits in with evidence regarding _______, which is not associated with illness independent of the individual's appraisals

A) economic deprivation
B) unemployment
C) poverty
D) self-efficacy

Accepted Answer

Hobfoll's theory, specifically the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, emphasizes the importance of resources and their management in stress and coping. Self-efficacy, a belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations, is not directly associated with illness independent of how individuals appraise their situations. This contrasts with economic factors like poverty, unemployment, and economic deprivation, which can be directly linked to illness due to their tangible impacts on individuals' lives and resources.

Question 6

According to Lazarus, which appraisal types are the emotions of sadness and depression associated with?&#10;A) challenge&#10;B) threat&#10;C) Loss/harm&#10;D) acceptance

Accepted Answer

Sadness and depression are emotions typically associated with the appraisal of loss or harm, according to Lazarus' theory of emotion. This theory suggests that our emotional responses are triggered by our cognitive appraisal of a situation, and the perception of loss or harm leads to feelings of sadness or depression.

Question 7

According to Karasek, which environmental factors are key to occupational stress?&#10;A) Ambiguity and control&#10;B) Control and demand&#10;C) Demand and predictability&#10;D) Control and ambiguity

Accepted Answer

Karasek's model of job stress, also known as the Demand-Control Model, emphasizes two main factors: job demands (the workload or intellectual requirements of the job) and job control (the amount of autonomy or decision-making ability an individual has in their role). These factors interact to influence the level of occupational stress a person experiences.

Question 8

What was McVicar's conclusion about the best approach to treating occupational stress?&#10;A) Provide individual stress management classes&#10;B) Provide group stress management classes, but only to the high stress individuals&#10;C) Employers address personal coping strategies and environmental factors&#10;D) Employers focus on changing environmental causes of stress

Accepted Answer

McVicar concluded that the best approach to treating occupational stress involves employers addressing both personal coping strategies and environmental factors, as this comprehensive approach targets multiple aspects of stress.

Question 9

According to Lazarus appraisal processes, &#34;Maybe I can manage this if I revise really hard&#34; is an example of:&#10;A) Challenge + external resources = less stress.&#10;B) Challenge + possible internal resources = less stress&#10;C) Threat + no resources = stress.&#10;D) Threat + limited internal resources = stress.

Accepted Answer

This statement reflects an appraisal of a situation as a challenge that can be managed with possible internal resources (in this case, the ability to revise really hard), which according to Lazarus, would lead to less stress.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a coping appraisal identified by Smith and Lazarus&#10;A) Problem-focused coping potential&#10;B) Emotion-focused coping potential&#10;C) Self-efficacy judgments&#10;D) Two and three only

Accepted Answer

Smith and Lazarus did not identify self-efficacy judgments as a coping appraisal; this concept is more associated with Bandura's theory.

Question 11

Smith (1993) proposed that primary appraisal consists of consideration of&#10;A) The extent to which the situation is relevant and incongruent to one's goals&#10;B) The extent to which the event is considered to stretch one's coping ability&#10;C) The extent to which the event is considered potentially harmful&#10;D) The degree of threat to one's sense of self-esteem

Accepted Answer

The answer of Smith (1993) proposed that primary appraisal consists...

Question 12

Benight et al. 1999 study highlighted that although quantifiable resource loss is in itself distressing, another factor should also be considered in the conservation of resources model. Which of the following is the other factor?

A) Psychological well-being
B) Physiological responses
C) Coping self-efficacy
D) Mood

Accepted Answer

The answer of Benight et al. 1999 study highlighted that...

Question 13

&#34;Burn-out&#34; is similar to the final stage of which syndrome?&#10;A) General adaptation&#10;B) Conservation of resources&#10;C) Person-environment fit&#10;D) Chronic fatigue

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#34;Burn-out&#34; is similar to the final stage...

Question 14

Which theory considers stress to be a combined physiological and psychological response to demands?&#10;A) Transactional Model of Stress&#10;B) Life Events Theory&#10;C) Environmental Stress Theory&#10;D) Conservation of Resources Model

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theory considers stress to be a...

Question 15

What impact does cortisol not have when released into the body?&#10;A) Inhibits glucose and fat uptake by tissue cells&#10;B) Inhibits the action of phagocytes&#10;C) Inhibits inflammation of damaged tissue&#10;D) Inhibits blood flow

Accepted Answer

The answer of What impact does cortisol not have when...

Question 16

Which type of cell slows down the growth of abnormal cells, including cancers?&#10;A) B cells&#10;B) T cells and B cells&#10;C) Natural killer (NK) cells&#10;D) T cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of cell slows down the...

Question 17

In what way/ways may stress contribute to coronary heart disease?&#10;A) Via hypertension&#10;B) Via the release of fatty acids into the blood stream&#10;C) Via inflammatory processes involving pro-in?ammatory cytokines&#10;D) Via decreasing fats in the blood

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what way/ways may stress contribute to...

Question 18

What is generally considered to be the role of stress in the development of cancer?&#10;A) It is not associated with any aspect of cancer&#10;B) It appears to play a role in some cancers initial development and progression.&#10;C) It has a role in the development of cancer, but not its progression&#10;D) There is no clear link

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is generally considered to be the...

Question 19

What is the role of stress in relation to irritable bowel syndrome?&#10;A) It contributes to day to day symptoms&#10;B) It causes the onset of the disorder&#10;C) There is no relation between stress and irritable bowel syndrome&#10;D) Both one and two

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the role of stress in...

Deck 11: Stress, Health, and Illness: Theory