Deck 13: Juvenile Justice

Question 1

In 2009, what percentage of youths who were not adjudicated delinquent in juvenile courts were still placed on some sort of probation?

A) 0%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 40%

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

In 2009, approximately what percentage of delinquency cases referred to the juvenile courts came from police agencies?

A) 50%
B) 65%
C) 80%
D) 95%

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

In 2009, approximately what percentage of status offense cases referred to the juvenile courts came from police agencies?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 85%

Answer 3

60%

Question 4

In 2009, approximately what percentage of juvenile arrests involved females?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 5

In 2009, approximately what percentage of the total number of juvenile arrestees were age 14 and younger?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 6

A fundamental philosophical change in the focus of juvenile justice is reflected in three new disposition or sentencing practices. Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) the use of work-release programs so that juveniles can pay for their own placement
B) the extension of juvenile court dispositions beyond the offender's age of majority
C) the use of blended sentences, which combine both juvenile and adult sanctions
D) the use of mandatory minimum sentences for specific types of offenders or offense categories

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the three general types of dispositions?

A) dismissal of the case, which is used in a small percentage of cases
B) the use of a school-based supervision program
C) the use of an institutional program
D) the use of a community-based program

Question 8

Your textbook identifies four recent trends in juvenile incarceration. Which of the following is NOT one of those trends?

A) the increasing number of indigent juveniles being incarcerated at the request of schools or the local community
B) the increasing number of juveniles being incarcerated in local adult jails and state prisons
C) the use of both public and private facilities
D) the disproportionately large percentage of males and racial or ethnic minorities that are incarcerated

Question 9

Which of the following is a component of juvenile restorative justice conferences or family group conferences?

A) At the conferences, victims and the other relevant parties have an opportunity to explain how they have been affected by the offense
B) At the conferences, victims and the other relevant parties have an opportunity to question the offending juveniles
C) At the end of the conference, the participants determine how the offending juveniles can make amends to the victims for the wrong done and then sign a reparation agreement.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following is likely to be included in restorative justice conference reparation agreements?

A) an apology to the victims
B) some type of restitution to the victims
C) the requirement that offenders perform community service or complete other requirements such as improving school attendance or finishing homework
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 11

In 2010, what percentage of all juveniles committed to institutions were males?

A) 52%
B) 66%
C) 74%
D) 88%

Question 12

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of the surveyed youths experienced one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another youth or facility staff member in the previous 12 months or since admission, if less than 12 months?

A) 6%
B) 13%
C) 24%
D) 47%

Question 13

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of the sexual victimization committed by another youth was nonconsensual and included "contact between the penis and the vagina or the penis and the anus; contact between the mouth and the penis, vagina, or anus; penetration of the anal or vaginal opening of another person by a hand, finger, or other object; and rubbing of another person's penis or vagina by a hand"?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 14

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of the sexual victimization among youths involved force or the threat of force?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 15

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of victimized youth was victimized by more than one perpetrator?

A) 5%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Question 16

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of the sexual victimization among youths involved black perpetrators?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 17

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of victimized youth was victimized by gang members?

A) 5%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Question 18

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09," approximately what percentage of youths victimized by staff experienced 11 or more incidents?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 19

According to a recent review of rearrest rates that tracked youths for three or more years after release from juvenile institutions, approximately what percentage of the youths were arrested for a new crime?

A) 4-19%
B) 21-36%
C) 40-55%
D) 74-89%

Question 20

In 2010, approximately what percentage of juveniles placed in residential facilities committed delinquency offenses?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 21

In 2010, approximately what percentage of juveniles placed in residential facilities committed status offenses?

A) less than 5%
B) 15%
C) 35%
D) 50%

Question 22

In 2010, for which of the following types of offenses was the largest percentage of juveniles placed in residential facilities?

A) public order
B) drug
C) property
D) violent

Question 23

Of the juveniles who were placed for delinquency offenses in 2010, approximately what percentage were placed in public facilities as opposed to private facilities?

A) 33%
B) 50%
C) 66%
D) 80%

Question 24

Of the juveniles who were placed for status offenses in 2010, approximately what percentage were placed in public facilities as opposed to private facilities?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 25

In 2010, approximately what percentage of all juveniles committed to institutions were racial or ethnic minorities?

A) 33%
B) 50%
C) 66%
D) 80%

Question 26

A recent review of 29 experiments conducted over a 35-year period with 7,304 juveniles found that formal juvenile system processing did not have an effect on crime control. Rather, formal processing appeared to increase delinquency.

Question 27

In studies that have compared formal processing with diversion programs, the negative effects of formal processing were even greater than when formal processing was compared to "doing nothing."

Question 28

Radical nonintervention is based on the idea that youths should be left alone if at all possible instead of being formally processed.

Question 29

More than 90% of teen courts determine guilt or innocence.

Question 30

A new diversion program for juvenile offenders is the issuance of a civil citation in lieu of arrest. A civil citation, or an "appearance ticket,"
is a police-issued order to appear before a judge or other legal authority on a given date to defend against a stated charge.

Question 31

In civil-citation programs, police officers are given the discretion, usually with a victim's consent, to issue a civil citation to a first-time offender under 18 years of age.

Question 32

Receiving a civil citation allows a juvenile offender to avoid an arrest record and the problems associated with having such a record.

Question 33

Between 1985 and 2010, the percentage of petition cases transferred to criminal court remained around 10%.

Question 34

If youths are adjudicated, they will have an official court record.

Question 35

The majority of cases that are not adjudicated are dismissed.

Question 36

In 2010, in Graham v. Florida, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments does not permit a juvenile offender to be sentenced to life imprisonment without opportunity of parole.

Question 37

In 2012, in Miller v. Alabama, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life imprisonment without opportunity of parole for juvenile homicide offenders.

Question 38

In 2012, in Miller v. Alabama, the U.S. Supreme Court held that judges and juries can impose an LWOP sentence as long as mitigating factors such as the juvenile's upbringing are taken into account.

Question 39

In 2009, two Pennsylvania judges pleaded guilty in federal court to fraud for taking $2.6 million in payments to send juvenile offenders to privately run juvenile detention centers.

Question 40

Probation is the most frequently used correctional response for youths who are adjudicated delinquent in juvenile courts.

Question 41

Research on a more intensive form of foster care, multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC) that uses close supervision of youths and provides intensive training and support for foster parents, has found it to be effective with many youths.

Question 42

By the end of 2009, 30 states operated boot camps for juvenile delinquents.

Question 43

A recent federal Government Accountability Office (GAO) report found thousands of allegations of abuse in boot camps for juvenile delinquents, some of which involved death, since the early 1990s. The GAO investigators attributed the abuses to ineffective management and operating practices and untrained staff, particularly in private residential programs, which are the least regulated.

Question 44

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09,"
males were more likely than females to report forced sexual activity with other youths.

Question 45

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09,"
black youths and Hispanic youths were more likely than white youths to be sexually victimized by another youth.

Question 46

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09,"
youths who had experienced any prior sexual assault were more than ten times as likely as youths with no sexual assault history to report sexual victimization in their current facility.

Question 47

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09,"
of the sexual victimization committed by a staff member, approximately 95% of the staff victimizers were male even though, in 2008, only 58% of staff in state juvenile facilities was male.

Question 48

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008-09,"
only about 5% of victims reported being injured, and less than 1% sought medical treatment.

Question 49

At midnight during a weekend, a school alarm went off, which automatically sent a message to the local police department. Two patrol cars responded and checked all the school doors. One of the doors, while still chained, had sufficient slack for entry. The police entered through the door and searched the building. Hiding in the auditorium on a stage behind some curtains was a juvenile with his faced pressed against the wall. The officers located the juvenile and commanded him to stand up and face the wall. The juvenile complied. He cooperated with the officers and stated no one was with him, that he had just run away. The officers took the juvenile to headquarters, read him his rights, and questioned him. They discovered the juvenile, age 15, had no prior history, had a fight with his parents, and ran away. Upon facing the cold weather, the juvenile sought refuge in the school when he discovered the door was open enough for him to enter. He was unaware of a silent alarm, but when he heard the officers coming, he hid. They contacted his parents, who confirmed the boy had run away after a fight with them. There was no damage to the school. What should the officers do now?

Question 50

A juvenile gang member of a nationally recognized gang has been arrested at the scene of a murder. The male is white, age 12, and had a gun in his possession. The victim was the father of the juvenile's friend. The gang member admitted he killed the man in retaliation for grounding his friend after he verbally abused his father. The gang member has been properly arrested and booked for the offense. He has no prior criminal history. His demeanor is cocky and savvy. What will happen now? What recommendation would you make regarding him?