Deck 3: Theories of Health Behavior

Question 1

Increasing the price of cigarettes decreases the likelihood that teenagers will start smoking.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

People who are trying to quit smoking should not receive rewards until they have completely quit smoking.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Once rewards are removed, children who had originally received rewards no longer show an increase in healthy behaviors.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The stages of change model argues that people move from one stage to another in a spiral fashion until they have finally completed the process.

Question 5

Research shows that the cognitive processes an individual goes through when trying to quit an unhealthy behavior such as smoking are similar to the cognitive processes one goes through when never adopting such behaviors.

Question 6

Research has demonstrated that women who had never engaged in exercise had less knowledge about osteoporosis than those who were currently engaging in exercise.

Question 7

Women's attitudes towards weight loss have been found to be unrelated to their weight loss in a 6-week period.

Question 8

Women who have a more positive expectation about childbirth are more likely to use pain medicine than women with lower expectations.

Question 9

________ theories identify some set of variables that are thought to influence people's behavior, and then combine those variables to predict the likelihood the person will engage in a behavior.

A) Continuum
B) Stage model
C) Explicit
D) Implicit

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Health Belief Model?

A) Susceptibility
B) Severity
C) Benefits
D) Punishment

Question 11

_______ refers to any type of reminder about a potential health problem that could motivate behavior change.

A) Susceptibility
B) Severity
C) Cues to action
D) Benefits

Question 12

Which of the following is the POOREST predictor of health behaviors?

A) Self-Efficacy
B) Severity
C) Perceived barriers
D) Perceived susceptibility

Question 13

According to the Theory of Reasoned action, what is the key determinant of people's behaviors?

A) Intentions
B) Self-efficacy
C) Social norms
D) Perceived behavioral control

Question 14

Bill believes that his friends and family will support him while he tries to quit smoking. This belief about his available social support is an example of what aspect of the Theory of Reasoned Action?

A) perceived behavioral control
B) intentions
C) subjective norms
D) attitudes

Question 15

Andrew gets very nervous during the car ride to the dentist. This nervousness is most likely a by-product of __________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) subjective norms
D) perceived behavioral control

Question 16

In an attempt to get their children to eat all of their dinners, parents often promise their children a dessert if they eat all of their potatoes and carrots. In this situation, parents are using __________ to encourage healthy eating.

A) bribery
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) punishment

Question 17

Learning theories may be effective at __________ behaviors, but are less effective in ________ behavior.

A) maintaining; changing
B) changing; maintaining
C) reducing; promoting
D) promoting; reducing

Question 18

Research has shown that when actors in big movies are portrayed as smokers, the prevalence of smoking increases. The rate of smoking is most likely to increase because of __________ modeling?

A) direct
B) symbolic
C) entertainment
D) movie-star

Question 19

Growing up as a child, Ryan watched his alcoholic father and his friends drink alcohol regularly during visits. Twenty years later, Ryan is now in alcohol rehab. Ryan learned his drinking habits through _________?

A) direct modeling
B) symbolic modeling
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 20

Which of the following theories of health behavior involve individual's self-efficacy?

A) learning theories
B) social cognitive theories
C) health belief model
D) All of the above

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a continuum model of health behaviors?

A) Theory of Planned Behavior
B) The Theory of Reasoned Action
C) Health Belief Model
D) Precaution Adoption Process Model

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the Transtheoretical Model of health.

A) Maintenance
B) Precontemplation
C) Contemplation
D) Appraisal

Question 23

Jill has been smoking for the past 12 years. Lately, she has been heard saying, "I may start working on quitting smoking". Jill is currently in which stage of the Stages of Change Model?

A) Maintenance
B) Precontemplation
C) Contemplation
D) Appraisal

Question 24

The ________ stage focuses on preventing the _______ of a specific unhealthy behavior.

A) maintenance; promotion
B) maintenance; relapse
C) action; relapse
D) action; promotion

Question 25

By-laws that prevent people from smoking inside specific buildings making smoking much less convenient is an example of _________?

A) social liberation
B) action
C) maintenance
D) social facilitation

Question 26

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The Transtheoretical and the Precaution Adoption Process Models have the same number of stages.
B) The Transtheoretical Model has more stages than the Precaution Adoption Process Model
C) The Precaution Adoption Model has more stages than the Transtheoretical Model
D) The processes that people go through are the same in each of these two models.

Question 27

Which model is thought to be the best predictor of one-time of infrequent behaviors such as having a mammogram?

A) The Health Belief Model
B) The Transtheoretical Model
C) The Theory of Planned Behaviors
D) The Precaution Adoption Process Model

Question 28

Which of the following statements about people who are trying to quit smoking is FALSE?

A) Those people in the preparation stage have greater self-efficacy to quit than those in the precontemplation stage.
B) Those in the contemplation stage saw the benefits of quitting equal to the costs
C) Those in the preparation stage see the benefits of quitting as greater than the costs
D) People in the contemplation stage have made more attempts to quit than people in the preparation stage.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a concern regarding the Health Belief Model?

A) The model was originally developed to predict one-time/limited behaviors.
B) Perceived severity is not a very strong predictor of behavior.
C) It does not include the component of self-efficacy.
D) Perceived susceptibility is not a very strong predictor of behavior.

Question 30

Criticisms of the Theory of Planned Behavior include all but which of the following?

A) The model is too broad.
B) The model fails to include past behavior.
C) The model fails to include current behavior.
D) It does not include the component of self-efficacy.

Question 31

Criticisms of the Transtheoretical Model include all but which of the following?

A) The cognitive processes involved in starting a behavior are not the same as those involved in stopping a behavior.
B) Are these the right stages?
C) Are these stages in the correct order?
D) There are too many stages defined by the model.

Question 32

Compare the health belief model to the theory of planned behavior. Which one do you think is a better predictor of health-related behavior and why?

Question 33

Describe the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning, using a real-life example of each.

Question 34

Describe each of the components of social cognitive theory, and how this theory predicts women's ability to withstand pain during childbirth.

Question 35

Describe the difference between continuum versus stage models of health behavior.

Question 36

Compare the transtheoretical or stages of change model to the precaution adoption process model.

Question 37

Define and describe the HBM, TRA/TPB, PAPM, or TTM. Provide a concrete example illustrating each aspect of the theory.

Question 38

Describe your own model of theory of health behavior and explain why it is either a stage or continuum based model.

Question 39

How could Observational Learning/modeling, be used to promote good health choices? Design an intervention and explain what type of modeling is being used.