Deck 3: Stress and the Nervous System

Question 1

The parasympathetic branch supports the ____ state, and the sympathetic branch supports the ____ state.

A) energy mobilization and expenditure, basal energy conservation and restoration
B) basal energy mobilization and restoration, energy conservation and expenditure
C) energy conservation and restoration, basal energy mobilization and expenditure
D) basal energy conservation and restoration, energy mobilization and expenditure

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The ____ in the brain stem's midbrain transmits important information to the basal ganglia that is necessary for regulating voluntary motor movement.

A) neurosubstrate
B) substantia nigra
C) pons
D) dopamine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The diencephalon region of the brain lies above (rostral)the midbrain and contains the brain structures called the ____ and the ____.

A) thalamus, hyperthalamus
B) thalamus, hypothalamus
C) cortex, neocortex
D) thalamus, mesencephalon

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus responds to stressors in part by synthesizing and secreting peptide messengers called releasing factors that are released into the pituitary portal system of the ____.

A) anterior pituitary
B) pituitary gland
C) posterior pituitary
D) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 5

The viscera consists of ____.

A) the organs, the ducts and glands, the vagus nerve, and the blood vessels
B) the organs, the ducts and glands, and the smooth muscles (non-striated muscles of the organs and blood vessels)
C) the organs, the ducts and glands, the smooth muscles (non-striated muscles of the organs and blood vessels), and the blood vessels
D) the smooth muscles (non-striated muscles of the organs and blood vessels), the vagus nerve, and the blood vessels

Question 6

Most cells in the body depend on ____, a thyroid gland hormone, to regulate their metabolic rate; ____ is a strong hormone that can, with time and sufficient concentration levels, double basal metabolic rate.

A) glucogen
B) cortisol
C) thyroxine
D) thyrosine

Question 7

There is considerable evidence that the ____ system of the brain functions abnormally for many people with PTSD.

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) autonomic
D) limbic

Question 8

Each adrenal consists of an outer covering, the ____, and an inner core called the ____.

A) pre-ganglionic fibers, paraventricular nucleus
B) sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis (SAM), sympathetic-adrenal cortex axis (SAM)
C) adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla
D) adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

Question 9

The ____ are cone-shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys.

A) medulla
B) adrenals
C) adrenal cortices
D) adrenal medulla

Question 10

The ____ of the brain stem controls and coordinates many sensory and motor activities such as the auditory and visual systems as well as voluntary movement.

A) midbrain
B) medulla
C) substantia nigra
D) neurosubstrate

Question 11

The ____-layered neocortex is the highest center of the brain. The word cortex literally means bark and refers to the outside covering of an anatomical structure.

A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six

Question 12

The ____ nervous system innervates the body's viscera generally through using both pre-ganglionic neurons (those that exit the spinal cord)and post-ganglionic neurons (those that are stimulated by the pre-ganglionic neurons).

A) central
B) peripheral
C) somatic
D) autonomic

Question 13

A small cluster of norepinephrine synthesizing cell bodies called the ____ residing in the dorsal brain stem region of the reticular formation (RF)plays an important role in vigilance and arousal and is part of an ascending arousal pathway system that keeps the thalamus and cortex active in receiving and transmitting sensory information.

A) locus cortex
B) limbic ceruleus
C) locus diencephalons
D) locus ceruleus

Question 14

The ____ transmits information regarding the body's movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the region of the brain that fine tunes and coordinates motor movement, the cerebellum.

A) midbrain
B) medulla
C) pons
D) substantia nigra

Question 15

Epinephrine helps to stimulate the release of ____ into the blood stream from ____ stores in the liver and muscles and through a process called ____ converts non-carbohydrate energy stores into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.

A) glutamate, glutogen, glutogenesis
B) glycogen, glucose, gluconeogenesis
C) sucrose, sucrose, sucrogenesis
D) glucose, glycogen, gluconeogenesis

Question 16

The ____ is responsible for many of the vegetative functions of the body (e.g., heartbeat, respiration, etc.)and consists of the medulla oblongata, which sits directly above the spinal cord, the pons, which sits above the medulla, and the midbrain, which lies rostral (toward the head end)to the pons.

A) cerebellum
B) parasympathetic branch
C) autonomic nervous system
D) brain stem

Question 17

____ refer to unrealistic positive beliefs, may give a person a greater sense of control to cope with the negative impact of a trauma and may be adaptive in the short-term but not result in actual growth. They may help a person cope by thinking that change and growth have occurred when they have not.

A) Accommodating delusions
B) Accommodating illusions
C) Positive delusions
D) Positive illusions

Question 18

The ____ of the limbic system appears to play a major role in our emotional control system because of its extensive connections with the thalamus and its connections with other parts of the limbic system, including the amygdala and hypothalamus; it has been referred to as the "neurological hub of our affective control system."

A) anterior cingulate
B) interior cingulate
C) locus ceruleus
D) locus cingulate

Question 19

All pre-ganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter as do the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch.

A) dopamine
B) epinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Question 20

What could account for some of the memory problems associated with PTSD such as experiencing recurring distressing memories of the trauma or flashbacks (e.g., feelings of reliving the trauma), exaggerated psychological and physiological responses to stimuli that symbolize or have similar characteristics to the traumatic stressors, and difficulties recalling significant aspects of the traumatic event?

A) hyporesponsive hippocampus
B) hyporesponsive amygdala
C) hyperresponsive hippocampus
D) hyporesponsive amygdala

Question 21

How is thyroxine released in the thyroxine axis?

Question 22

What is a sensory projection system?

Question 23

What effects do high levels of thyroxine have on stress and on the body?

Question 24

Describe the anatomy of the two cerebral hemispheres.

Question 25

What is beta-endorphin and what is its function?

Question 26

Describe the functions of the endocrine system and how this process differs from direct neural stimulation.

Question 27

What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Question 28

What are traumatic stressors?

Question 29

Describe the components of the central nervous system.

Question 30

What does the thalamus do?

Question 31

What is the function of the medulla?

Question 32

Describe the limbic system.

Question 33

What are glucocorticoids?

Question 34

What happens when the sympathetic branch becomes active during the fight-or-flight response?

Question 35

What is posttraumatic growth?

Question 36

Briefly describe the structure of the pituitary gland.

Question 37

What are the targets of the autonomic nervous system's motor neurons?

Question 38

What role does dopamine play in the brain's activities? Where in the brain is it found?

Question 39

What is the reticular formation (RF)?

Question 40

What is the sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis (SAM)?

Question 41

Describe the peripheral nervous system including its subsystems and their basic functions.

Question 42

Describe the function of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic system and how it works in conjunction with the sympathetic branch.

Question 43

Imagine you are a survivor of a major natural disaster that killed many people and nearly took your own life. Now image that this event was a transcendental experience for you, resulting in personal posttraumatic growth. Describe what changes you might experience in your daily life. How would you be different?

Question 44

What is the function of the amygdala? How does its function relate to stress and memories?

Question 45

Cortisol is an important steroid with many roles. Describe some of these roles and how it carries them out.

Question 46

Explain the effects of epinephrine on the cardiovascular system in detail. What system within the body do epinephrine injections mimic?

Question 47

How does a traumatic stressor affect one's world view? Give an example from your own life or from someone else's you know well.

Question 48

Describe the role(s)of the hypothalamus and in what context it operates.

Question 49

Discuss the differences between the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine on the body's systems.

Question 50

Explain how the hippocampus and amygdala work together, using specific examples.