Deck 7: Prejudice: Foundations, Causes, Effects, and Remedies

Question 1

According to cross-cultural research on the key factors that contribute to prejudice, although some factors are probably unavoidable, others can be

A) examined.
B) demonstrated.
C) overcome.
D) inevitable.

Answer 1

overcome.

Question 2

____________ is the idea that we develop a bias favoring our own group over other groups in order to maintain positive self-esteem.

A) Esteem enhancement
B) Social identity theory
C) Group membership inflation
D) Solidarity

Answer 2

Social identity theory

Question 3

Morgan perceives her cheerleading group as significantly better at stunts, even though their team came in second in the championships. Morgan's bias for her own team illustrates the concept of

A) esteem enhancement.
B) social identity theory.
C) group membership inflation.
D) solidarity.

Answer 3

social identity theory.

Question 4

According to social identity theory, liking our own group more than other groups contributes to higher

A) IQ scores.
B) levels of individualism.
C) levels of personal denial.
D) self-esteem.

Question 5

In Tajfel's (1971) research on nominal groups, being labeled as "underestimators" and "overestimators" was enough to establish

A) intragroup conflict.
B) individualism.
C) ingroup bias.
D) plagiarism.

Question 6

Favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different is also known as

A) group preference.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup stereotype.
D) group bond.

Question 7

Shannon had the choice to room with a seventh-grade girl at camp who had the same interest in horseback riding as she or another girl whose interest was in canoeing. Shannon's choice of the girl who liked horseback riding is an example of

A) group preference.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup stereotype.
D) group bond.

Question 8

In Tajfel's (1971) research, individuals labeled as "underestimators" and "overestimators" responded to other "underestimator" and "overestimator" participants by

A) awarding more points to individuals with the same group label as themselves.
B) awarding more points to individuals with a different group label than themselves.
C) awarding points equally across other participating groups.
D) awarding points based on criteria other than the group label.

Question 9

Ingroup bias becomes stronger when our group affiliation is based on factors which are meaningful to our

A) group membership.
B) situation.
C) families.
D) self-concept.

Question 10

Outgroup bias involves

A) kicking individuals out of current groups.
B) downgrading others who are different or not a part of your group.
C) remembering more information about members of other groups than members of your own group.
D) caring more about members of other groups as compared to members of your own.

Question 11

Ingroup and outgroup bias is beneficial from an evolutionary perspective because they promote

A) conflict among groups.
B) bonds among people in the same group.
C) diversity within groups.
D) prejudice and discrimination.

Question 12

Individuals who identify with multiple and diverse groups exhibit ______, whereas people with social identities connected to fewer and more similar groups exhibit

A) less ethnocentrism; more ethnocentrism.
B) more individualism; more collectivism.
C) more outgroup bias; less outgroup bias.
D) less outgroup bias; more outgroup bias.

Question 13

_____________ is our tendency to see the world through the lenses of our own culture.

A) Egocentrism
B) Evaluation
C) Ostracism
D) Ethnocentrism

Question 14

John has a difficult time trying new foods and is especially resistant to trying foods from other countries. "It doesn't taste the same as our food. They use different spices, ingredients, you know." John's perspective toward food from other countries is an example of

A) egocentrism.
B) evaluation.
C) ostracism.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 15

According to Matsumoto, there are two types of ethnocentrism: _____________ and _____________

A) temporary; permanent.
B) childhood onset; adult onset.
C) specific; universal.
D) flexible; inflexible.

Question 16

____________ ethnocentrism involves judging others as wrong simply because they are different.

A) Temporary
B) Flexible
C) Specific
D) Inflexible

Question 17

____________ ethnocentrism involves recognizing our tendency toward ethnocentrism and trying to understand and/or empathize with the norms of different cultures.

A) Temporary
B) Flexible
C) Specific
D) Inflexible

Question 18

Al's refusal to try sushi because all fish should be cooked "just like Americans do" is an example of ___________ ethnocentrism.

A) temporary
B) flexible
C) specific
D) inflexible

Question 19

____________ ethnocentrism was at work when Avery surprised her husband by cooking traditional recipes from his Indian heritage.

A) Temporary
B) Flexible
C) Specific
D) Inflexible

Question 20

According to Matsumoto, ethnocentrism is a byproduct of our upbringing because

A) it is genetic.
B) as we grow up in society, we learn the expected behaviors, beliefs, and values that are typical within that society.
C) we are always unaware of its presence.
D) it prevents us from "getting caught up" in the rules of another culture and forsaking our own culture.

Question 21

The key to avoiding inflexible ethnocentrism lies in our ___________ our own ethnocentrism.

A) acceptance of
B) resistance to
C) awareness of
D) willingness to ignore

Question 22

In contrast to an American woman showing her hair, the custom for Muslim women is to wear a ________ or scarf to cover their hair.

A) fedora
B) veil
C) baseball cap
D) hijab

Question 23

Which of the following is the best specific way to develop flexible ethnocentrism?

A) Accept your own culture.
B) Resist learning about other cultures.
C) Ignore differences in others.
D) Spend time with someone who seems different from you.

Question 24

A generalization about a group of people that assumes the members of the group share common characteristics is a(n)

A) prototype.
B) stereotype.
C) assessment.
D) value.

Question 25

Beth was surprised to hear the John was in a fraternity. "I thought fraternity guys spent every night drinking beer and chasing women. You are a 4.0 student, not a party boy." Beth's difficulty in believing John's fraternity membership stems from her ____________ about fraternity members.

A) prototype
B) ingroup bias
C) assessment
D) stereotype

Question 26

When asked about stereotypes related to groups to which we belong, we tend to remember ___________ stereotypes.

A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) rare

Question 27

When asked about stereotypes related to college professors, Dr. Long chose the following descriptions: smart, bookish, helpful, and busy. Because this is a group to which she belongs, she tends to list ___________ stereotypes.

A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) rare

Question 28

One reason individuals engage in stereotyping is because it is a(n) __________ part of the thinking process.

A) overgeneralized
B) negative
C) natural
D) rare

Question 29

Because we have a tendency to quickly categorize and classify things, stereotypes serve as

A) schemas.
B) mental shortcuts.
C) specific impressions.
D) time intensive evaluations.

Question 30

Individuals from __________ cultures value relationships over time efficiency.

A) polychronic
B) individualistic
C) high power distance
D) masculine

Question 31

The _______________ occurs when a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him by others.

A) behavioristic expectation
B) individualistic expectation
C) power distance
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 32

Because Joseph was perceived by other students as the class clown, he began disrupting class more and more to get laughs from his peers. The other students' expectations for his behavior created a(n)

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) individualistic expectation.
C) power distance.
D) behavioristic expectation.

Question 33

Although Samantha studied hard, she had trouble earning grades higher than a C. Her father, frustrated by her lackluster performance, remarked she would never succeed at this rate. Samantha soon gave up trying, and her grades slipped from Cs to Ds and Fs. Her behavior is an example of

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) individualistic expectation.
C) power distance.
D) behavioristic expectation.

Question 34

Stereotypes persist because we tend to pay more attention to information consistent with our views rather than contrary to our views. This is also known as a

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) confirmation bias.
C) schematic direction.
D) behavioristic expectation.

Question 35

One example of the confirmation bias is the type of information remembered about ingroup and outgroup members. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship?

A) We are less likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember positive acts performed by those in the outgroup.
B) We are equally likely to remember positive and negative acts regardless of ingroup-outgroup status.
C) We are more likely to remember negative acts conducted by members of our ingroup and positive acts performed by those in the outgroup.
D) We are more likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember negative acts performed by those in the outgroup.

Question 36

Sometimes, we assume members of the outgroup are more alike than members of the ingroup. This is called

A) need for structure.
B) categorizing.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) outgroup heterogeneity effect.

Question 37

One personal variable related to a person's tendency to stereotype is his or her need for predictability and order in life. This is also known as

A) order preference.
B) obsessive compulsive disorder.
C) expectation.
D) need for structure.

Question 38

According to Neuberg and Newsom (1993), people scoring higher on the Personal Need for Structure scale are

A) less likely to stereotype.
B) find it more difficult to stereotype.
C) more likely to stereotype.
D) equally likely to stereotype as are individuals who score lower on the same scale.

Question 39

When individuals in powerful positions were compared to individuals in less powerful positions in likelihood of stereotyping, Fiske (1993) found

A) neither group relied on stereotypes.
B) individuals in positions of power were more likely to stereotype people in less powerful positions than were the less powerful likely to stereotype powerful individuals.
C) compared to less powerful individuals, those in positions of power were less likely to stereotype.
D) both groups were equally likely to stereotype the other group.

Question 40

Goodwin and Fiske (1993) suggests one reason individuals in powerful positions may differentially stereotype less powerful counterparts is

A) they have more to lose and are therefore more likely to engage in stereotyping.
B) they have more demands on their time and are therefore more likely to use stereotyping to maintain cognitive efficiency.
C) stereotyping lower-level managers and secretaries takes more time and increases the likelihood that supervisors will get to know their employees.
D) they all work in the same office climate.

Question 41

Gracie just won $250 in a raffle. As she was cheerfully walking home from work, she saw a homeless man and immediately the stereotypical characteristics of down on his luck, mentally ill, and needy came to mind. According to Stroessner and Mackie (1992), this would be an example of how people in a ________ mood are more complacent and, therefore, more likely to engage in stereotyping.

A) bad
B) neutral
C) tearful
D) good

Question 42

Which of the following individuals will be most likely to rely on a stereotype?

A) Austin, who is visiting New York City for the first time and is late for his seminar.
B) Jane, who is returning to New York City for the third time to visit relatives.
C) Justin, who is visiting New York City for the first time on vacation and has all day to see the city.
D) Danielle, who is returning to New York City for the second time, this time for her honeymoon.

Question 43

___________ is the prejudgment or superficial judgment about a particular group of people.

A) Discrimination
B) Prejudice
C) Realistic conflict theory
D) Social learning

Question 44

Bonnie's mother keeps trying to fix her up with Carlton, an engineer at her architectural firm. Bonnie replies, "Mom, why would I ever go out with an engineer? They are geeky, wear white shirts, and have pocket protectors. Fix him up with someone else." Judging Carlton based on these stereotypes is an example of

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) realistic conflict theory.
D) social learning.

Question 45

The main difference between a stereotype and prejudice is that a stereotype is a(n) ________ and prejudice is a(n)

A) attitude; cognitive process.
B) cognitive process; attitude.
C) negative; positive.
D) positive; neutral.

Question 46

One societal factor that increases prejudice of one group against another is when the dominant group of the country feels threatened by

A) the loss of a large group of emigrants from another country.
B) changes in expectations for the population.
C) the influx of a large group of immigrants from another country.
D) government intervention associated with economic changes.

Question 47

In the United States, it appears that some prejudices have ______________ over the last 50 years.

A) dramatically increased
B) mildly decreased
C) remained the same
D) dramatically decreased

Question 48

As one reflection of hidden racism, surveys of African American, Asian American, and Mexican American college students indicated

A) they felt accepted on college campuses.
B) they felt equally comfortable in classes on college campuses.
C) more frequent disturbances in dorm life.
D) they felt socially isolated up to nine times more often than did students of European American descent.

Question 49

According to ______________ theory, people become prejudiced against others with whom they must compete for limited resources.

A) group identity
B) realistic group conflict
C) social learning
D) relative deprivation

Question 50

With so few jobs in the small town of Concord, Idaho, residents are becoming increasingly concerned with the influx of Hispanic immigrants and the scarcity of jobs, money, and status. These concerns are most consistent with _________ theory.

A) group identity
B) realistic group conflict
C) social learning
D) relative deprivation

Question 51

The ________________ theory was demonstrated in a landmark study by Muzifer Sherif called the Robbers' Cave study (1966).

A) realistic group conflict
B) group identity
C) social learning
D) relative deprivation

Question 52

In the Robbers' Cave study (Sherif, 1966), 22 well-adjusted boys were assigned to one of two groups, the __________ or the

A) Garter Snakes; Blue Jays.
B) Eagles; Rattlers.
C) good boys; bad boys.
D) baseball team; basketball team.

Question 53

During phase one of the 1966 Robbers' Cave study, the separate groups developed group membership and solidarity. During phase two,

A) the boys began a series of cooperative events across the groups.
B) the boys began a series of competitive events between the groups.
C) hostility between the two groups of boys decreased.
D) the groups failed to illustrate the ingroup-outgroup bias expected by Sherif.

Question 54

In the case of the1966 Robbers' Cave study, how long did it take to increase competition for resources and subsequent prejudice between the groups?

A) One day
B) A few days
C) Two weeks
D) A month

Question 55

_______________ theory suggests we may learn our prejudicial behaviors and attitudes from role models in our environment.

A) Realistic group conflict
B) Group identity
C) Social learning
D) Relative deprivation

Question 56

Jessica handed her mom a list of kids she wanted to invite to her birthday party. After the invitations were mailed, she realized her mom neglected to send the invitations to her African American friends. According to ____________ theory, Jessica may learn prejudicial attitudes from her mother.

A) realistic group conflict
B) group identity
C) social learning
D) relative deprivation

Question 57

Sometimes, prejudice is related to the perception that others have more wealth, opportunities, status, etc., than you. This is known as

A) realistic group conflict.
B) group identity.
C) social learning.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 58

Lorie was excited about her upcoming raise at work until she heard that one of the other technicians received a larger raise than she. This perception that her coworker has more wealth or opportunities than she is also known as

A) relative deprivation.
B) group identity.
C) social learning.
D) realistic group conflict.

Question 59

Relative deprivation leads to prejudice because the target of the frustration associated with the perceived inequality becomes a(n)

A) scapegoat.
B) ingroup.
C) catalyst.
D) stereotype.

Question 60

____________ is the unfair treatment of a person or group solely on the basis of their group membership.

A) Stereotyping
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Alienation

Question 61

The manager of the new shoe store at the mall refused to hire any teenagers just because of their age. This is an example of

A) stereotyping.
B) prejudice.
C) preferential treatment of teens.
D) discrimination.

Question 62

One way discrimination can be unrelated to prejudice is if

A) we hire individuals based on laws prohibiting discriminatory behavior even if we are prejudiced.
B) we knowingly hire from just one type of people.
C) we offer preferential treatment to individuals protected by discrimination laws.
D) we fail to hire based on credentials and hire employees based on race.

Question 63

In a study by Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, Joekl, Testa & Major, 1991), African American college students completed a questionnaire about themselves and were told that a Caucasian student would evaluate their information either with knowledge about the participant's race or with no knowledge. When participants thought their race was unknown to the evaluator,

A) they disregarded all feedback information and instead asked the experimenter for feedback.
B) only negative feedback was influential, and positive feedback was ignored.
C) both positive and negative feedback influenced participants' self-esteem in predictable ways (i.e., positive feedback increased self-esteem and negative feedback decreased self-esteem).
D) positive feedback and negative feedback influenced participants' self-esteem in unpredictable ways (i.e., positive feedback decreased self-esteem and negative feedback was disregarded).

Question 64

In a study by Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, Joekl, Testa & Major, 1991), African American college students completed a questionnaire about themselves and were told that a Caucasian student would evaluate their information either with knowledge about the participant's race or with no knowledge. When participants thought their race was known to the evaluator,

A) they disregarded all feedback information and instead asked the experimenter for feedback.
B) only negative feedback was influential, and positive feedback was ignored.
C) both positive and negative feedback influenced participants' self-esteem in predictable ways (i.e., positive feedback increased self-esteem and negative feedback decreased self-esteem).
D) positive feedback and negative feedback influenced participants' self-esteem in unpredictable ways (i.e., positive feedback decreased self-esteem and negative feedback was disregarded).

Question 65

Compared to those who do not believe they are discriminated against, people who perceive themselves to be the target of discrimination feel _________ personal control over their lives (Ruggiero & Taylor, 1997).

A) the same
B) no
C) greater
D) less

Question 66

Although many women acknowledge that gender bias and a wage differential in the United States exist, those same women report they have experienced personal discrimination at a _____________ rate to the national average (Crosby, Pufall, Snyder, O'Connell, & Whalen, 1989).

A) similar
B) lesser
C) greater
D) increasing

Question 67

___________ occurs when an individual's identity is heavily based on a characteristic for which there are strong stereotypes, and as a result, he or she has a heightened awareness of that stereotype, as well as the possibility of it occurring.

A) Realistic group conflict
B) Social learning
C) Sereotypification
D) Stereotype threat

Question 68

Maria is keenly aware that others stereotype Italians from New York as too loud and boisterous. As a result, she monitors her behavior closely in public situations. Her fear that others may perceive her as a stereotypical Italian is also known as

A) realistic group conflict.
B) social learning.
C) stereotypification.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 69

In Steele's 1997 study on race and academic performance, he administered a difficult academic test to black and white students. Some students were told it was a lab test, while others were told it was a test of academic ability. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this study?

A) Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their race.
B) White students performed better than black students regardless of which testing condition they were assigned.
C) Black students performed better than white students regardless of which testing condition they were assigned.
D) When told the test was a lab test, there were no racial differences in performance; when told it was a test of academic ability, there were racial differences in performance.

Question 70

In a study examining stereotype threat prevention (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999), researchers administered a difficult math test to both men and women. Some students were told that males and females performed equally well on this test, and others were told that there were gender differences in scores on the test. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this study?

A) Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their sex.
B) Female students performed similar to males in the no gender difference condition and performed more poorly than males in the gender difference condition.
C) Males and female performed well regardless of experimental condition.
D) The stereotype threat actually decreased in the gender difference condition, rather than the no gender difference conditions.

Question 71

One way to overcome prejudice is the use of a(n) _____________ goal or a goal shared by conflicting groups that can only be attained if the groups work together.

A) pentultimate
B) superordinate
C) overwhelming
D) social contact

Question 72

In Sherif's Robbers' Cave study, after intergroup hostility had been firmly established, the researchers began introducing goals that could only be accomplished when both groups worked together. Examples included renting a film and pulling a truck out of the ditch. These tasks are also known as _____________ goals.

A) pentultimate
B) superordinate
C) overwhelming
D) social contact

Question 73

Aronson (1978) developed the ________ classroom where students work together to learn rather than complete against each other for academic success.

A) jigsaw
B) superordinate
C) interactive
D) social contact

Question 74

Jeff and Sergio are working on an in-class project with other students in their science class. Both Jeff and Sergio were in the original experts group and are now sharing what they know with other groups. At the end of the assignment, all students will have learned the complete lesson. This is an example of a(n) _________ group.

A) social contact
B) superordinate
C) interactive
D) jigsaw

Question 75

Devine suggests we can change our prejudices by ____________ when we come in contact with an object of our prejudice.

A) remaining in contact with the person
B) consciously activating our stereotype and challenging it
C) overlooking differences
D) finding similarities

Question 76

Recent research on ingroup bias found that when people feel _________________ for others, their brain releases chemicals like oxytocin.

A) sadness
B) empathy
C) anger
D) apathy

Question 77

The neurological basis of ____________________ shows that it may have evolved in order to help people survive.

A) overgeneralization
B) ethnocentrism
C) outgroup bias
D) ingroup bias

Question 78

According to Swann, identity fusion is an extreme version of __________________ that occurs when someone's personal identity merges with their group identity.

A) self-enhancement
B) stereotyping
C) ingroup bias
D) group formation

Question 79

The Living Library encourages people to become more

A) stereotyping.
B) flexibly ethnocentric.
C) prejudicial.
D) outgroup biased.

Question 80

According to the text, people in _______________ who participated in the Living Library became dramatically less prejudiced against members of the LGBT and Roma communities.

A) Hungary
B) Romania
C) Sweden
D) England