Deck 11: Cancer

Question 1

Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells or tissue that leads to death if untreated.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A metastasis describes a cancer that has grown in size.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

This ability of cancer cells to metastasize makes early cancer detection critical.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Cancer is an intriguing disease in that it has many origins, affects numerous parts of the body, and treatment for the different kinds of cancer can vary.

Question 5

Lung cancer symptoms usually appears in the early stage of the disease.

Question 6

Lifestyle has no influence on cancer risk.

Question 7

Sedentary women who consume few vegetables have an increased risk of breast cancer.

Question 8

A mammogram is an example of a biopsy.

Question 9

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men.

Question 10

Prostate cancer boasts the fewest number of deaths after five years from diagnosis.

Question 11

Cervical cancer is considered in part a sexually transmitted disease.

Question 12

All abnormal Pap tests indicate that the patient is in the early stages of cancer.

Question 13

The more severe sunburns a person has had, the higher the risk for cancer.

Question 14

Skin colour does not have any influence on who will get skin cancer.

Question 15

Most skin cancers will be found on the hands, arms, face, and neck.

Question 16

UVA radiation from tanning lamps causes premature wrinkles and skin cancer.

Question 17

An SPF-15 rating means that you have 15 minutes of protection from UV rats.

Question 18

Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are the primary methods of treatment for head and neck cancers.

Question 19

Testicular cancer is relatively common among men.

Question 20

Men with undescended testicles are at increased risk for testicular cancer.

Question 21

Cancer that begins in the lymph nodes is called lymphoma.

Question 22

Certain genes may predispose some people to cancer.

Question 23

Some genes are responsible for controlling the rate of cell division, and these genes often play a critical role in the development of cancer.

Question 24

A mutated gene contains the proper code for producing its protein.

Question 25

Cancer promoters directly produce DNA mutations.

Question 26

Smoking is responsible for up to 90% of lung cancer instances and for about 30% of all cancer deaths.

Question 27

Individuals whose diets are high in fat and meat have no more of a cancer risk than a vegetarian.

Question 28

Antioxidants reduce cancer risk by promoting the action of free radicals on DNA.

Question 29

Regular exercise is linked to lower rates of colon and other cancers. Additionally, it aids in controlling body weight.

Question 30

As with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, physical activity appears to have an inverse relationship with various types of cancer (e.g. lung cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer).

Question 31

About 20% of cancer deaths are related to general environmental pollution.

Question 32

Industrial causes of cancer are predicted to decrease in the coming years.

Question 33

The same bacterium that causes stomach ulcers is linked to stomach cancer.

Question 34

Almost all types of cancer can be prevented by eating healthy and getting regular exercise.

Question 35

The use of spit tobacco increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.

Question 36

Almost all cases of skin cancer are sun-related.

Question 37

A malignant tumour

A) can stay in surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymphatic system, and nerves for years and not have an impact.
B) Stays dormant within a shell.
C) can invade surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymphatic system, and nerves.
D) will prevent spread of cancerous cells to other surrounding areas and structures within the body.

Question 38

Hans learned that his cancer had metastasized to the liver. What had actually happened?

A) His cancer had grown so large that it was now touching the liver.
B) The cancerous cells were dividing rapidly within the organ.
C) Cancer cells had travelled through blood vessels and spread to the liver from another body part.
D) The cancer tumour was decreasing in size.

Question 39

Secondary tumours are otherwise referred to as _____.

A) metastases
B) malignant
C) mandibular
D) mast

Question 40

Which of the following is responsible for most cancers?

A) Hereditary factors and pollution
B) Smoking, eating habits, and lack of exercise
C) Pollution, environmental toxins, and genetics
D) Ultraviolet radiation, smoking, and household cleaners

Question 41

The most common cause of cancer death in Canada is:

A) breast cancer.
B) colon and rectal cancer.
C) prostate cancer.
D) lung cancer.

Question 42

As pollution is a substance that causes cancer it is called a(n):

A) mutagen.
B) oncogene.
C) initiator.
D) carcinogen.

Question 43

Young _____ and early-stage cancers can be removed before they spread, thereby preventing colorectal cancer.

A) polyps
B) mast
C) epithelial
D) sub-dermal

Question 44

A biopsy is the removal and examination of:

A) a cancerous cell.
B) a small piece of body tissue.
C) a mutagen or carcinogen.
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 45

A woman is more likely to get breast cancer if:

A) she had her first child before age 20.
B) her diet is rich in monounsaturated fat.
C) her diet is rich in vegetables.
D) she consumes excess alcohol on a daily basis.

Question 46

Which of the following nutrients has been linked to an increased risk for breast cancer?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Fat
C) Vitamin B12
D) Sodium

Question 47

What test is usually performed if a lump is discovered in the breast?

A) A glucose test
B) A biopsy
C) PSA blood test
D) A Pap test

Question 48

What type of diagnostic test is prescribed for someone suspected of having breast cancer?

A) A blood test
B) A mammogram
C) An X-ray
D) A CAT Scan

Question 49

Which type of cancer will have the most, new cases diagnosed?

A) Lung
B) Breast
C) Prostate
D) Leukemia

Question 50

Which of the following risk factors accounts for the most prostate cancer diagnosis each year?

A) Age over 65
B) Physical inactivity
C) Smoking
D) Environmental factors

Question 51

To diagnose prostate cancer, a physician will order a:

A) sugar test.
B) PSA blood test.
C) Pap test.
D) mammogram.

Question 52

What is the prognosis for someone who is diagnosed with prostate cancer?

A) The survival rate is 95%.
B) Generally, the patient is given less than one year to live.
C) The survival rate is 50%.
D) It depends on which gland the cancer is located in.

Question 53

Cancer of the uterus is called _____ cancer.

A) prostate
B) endometrial
C) estrogen
D) cervical

Question 54

Ovarian cancer:

A) has no approved screening tests to detect.
B) is detectable with Pap tests.
C) decreases in incidence with age.
D) has obvious early warning signs.

Question 55

Which one of the following can be considered a carcinogen for developing skin cancer?

A) Tanning lamps
B) Dark pigmentation of the skin
C) Estrogen
D) Genital warts

Question 56

A melanoma is most likely to occur:

A) on the face or neck.
B) on a pre-existing mole.
C) only on areas that have been sunburned.
D) near a patch of fair skin.

Question 57

What preventative measure is the best strategy for someone who is hoping to decrease his or her risk for skin cancer?

A) Check appearance for recent changes in a mole (colour, size, shape)
B) Have all moles larger than the top of a pencil removed
C) Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
D) Live in a Northern climate

Question 58

A characteristic of a skin lesion that may be a melanoma is a:

A) diameter greater than half a cm.
B) symmetrical shape.
C) solid dark color.
D) smooth border.

Question 59

Head and neck cancers occur _____ as often in men as in women and most frequently in men over 40.

A) Five times
B) Twice
C) Three times
D) Four times

Question 60

The best time to conduct a testicular self-examination (TSE) is:

A) as soon as you get up.
B) just before going to bed.
C) after a warm bath.
D) after an exercise session.

Question 61

A relatively rare cancer among men is _____ cancer.

A) lung
B) prostate
C) colon and rectal
D) testicular

Question 62

Which one of the following cancers has shown a decrease in the number of people diagnosed?

A) Skin
B) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
C) Prostate
D) Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 63

Genes which mutate from a normal cell to a cancerous cell are known as:

A) carcinogens.
B) oncogenes.
C) gene mutations.
D) tumours.

Question 64

Which of the following best describes the function of suppressor genes?

A) They stop the growth and spread of cells that have turned cancerous, thereby lowering cancer death rates.
B) They block the action of cancer-fighting immune cells, thereby increasing cancer risk.
C) They remove carcinogens from the body, thereby lowering cancer risk.
D) They control or restrict cell growth; if a suppressor gene is damaged, cell growth speeds up, thereby increasing cancer risk.

Question 65

In addition to lung and bronchial cancer, _____ use is linked to cancer of the larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and cervix.

A) canned food
B) processed food
C) tobacco
D) alcohol

Question 66

Which of the following foods is NOT recommended for cancer risk reduction?

A) yellow or orange fruits and vegetables
B) pork
C) citrus fruits
D) cruciferous vegetables

Question 67

Foods are a better source of phytochemicals than supplements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) Isolated phytochemicals may be harmful in high doses.
B) Supplements could be targeted, and ensure all vitamins and minerals are provided.
C) Whole foods can have nutritional benefits not available from supplements.
D) The anticancer effects of phytochemicals may be due to several chemicals from a single food working in combination.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a phytochemical?

A) Biotin
B) Flavnoid
C) Resveratrol
D) Polyphenol

Question 69

How does exercise help to reduce the risk of some cancers?

A) It helps to prevent obesity.
B) It helps control blood pressure.
C) It increases white blood cell production.
D) It helps red blood cell production.

Question 70

A potentially dangerous additive found in beer, bacon, and processed lunch meats is:

A) sulforaphane.
B) nitrate.
C) sodium chloride.
D) glucose.

Question 71

Which one of the following environmental factors is responsible for the greatest percentage of cancer risks?

A) Nitrates
B) X-rays
C) Pollution
D) Emissions from industrial plants

Question 72

Which of the following microorganisms has been linked to Hodgkin's?

A) Cold virus
B) Hepatitis
C) Epstein-Barr
D) Streptococci

Question 73

Radiation sources linked to cancer include:

A) X-rays
B) chemotherapy
C) light bulbs
D) MRI

Question 74

John leads a sedentary lifestyle. Which of the following is NOT considered an ideal strategy to reduce cancer risk for John?

A) Avoid tobacco
B) Regular physical activity
C) Reduce fruit intake, but increase vegetable intake
D) Avoid exposure to sun

Question 75

The seven major warning signs of cancer can be remembered with the acronym:

A) MEDICAL.
B) CAUTION.
C) WARNING.
D) HEALTHY.

Question 76

Early cancer detection depends on our willingness to be aware of changes in our own body and making sure we keep up with recommended diagnostic tests such as:

A) breast self-examinations for women starting from their 50's.
B) men and women should have a fecal occult blood test starting from age 50.
C) prostate specific antigen tests for men starting from their 70's.
D) Pap tests for women starting from their 40's.

Question 77

_______________ are made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighbouring tissues.

Question 78

___________________ tumour can invade surrounding regions and structures, including blood vessels and the lymphatic system.

Question 79

New tumours as a result of metastasis is called ______________.

Question 80

The travel process of cancer cells through lymph linings and blood vessels, is called ___________________.