Question 1

We are capable of perceiving many different tastes via the action of taste buds on our tongues. Which of the following statements regarding how taste buds work is true?&#10;A) A single taste bud cell can perceive sweet, sour, and salty tastes.&#10;B) Taste bud cells are neurons.&#10;C) A single taste bud cell can perceive only one type of taste.&#10;D) Taste bud cells do not use neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

A single taste bud cell is specialized to perceive only one type of taste (e.g., sweet, sour, salty, bitter, or umami), meaning it cannot detect multiple taste types.

Question 2

Vertigo can be caused when lymph within the semicircular canals fails to move smoothly along the hair cells. This is because&#10;A) it can affect the transmission of nervous impulses controlling vision.&#10;B) it can adversely affect hearing.&#10;C) it results in incorrect information about position being sent to the brain.&#10;D) it blocks the conduction of action potentials from the ear drums.

Accepted Answer

The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system in the inner ear, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. When lymph (or more accurately, endolymph fluid) does not move smoothly along the hair cells within these canals, it can lead to incorrect information about the body's position being sent to the brain, causing vertigo. This is because the hair cells are meant to detect rotational movements of the head, and any disruption in their function can lead to a misinterpretation of body position and motion.

Question 3

Dogs have a superior sense of smell relative to humans because they&#10;A) have more chemoreceptors.&#10;B) have more hair cells.&#10;C) have bigger noses.&#10;D) spend more time thinking about smells.

Accepted Answer

Dogs have a superior sense of smell compared to humans primarily because they have more chemoreceptors in their noses, which are specialized cells responsible for detecting chemical stimuli in the environment. This allows them to identify a vast array of scents even at very low concentrations.

Question 4

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question(s) that follow(s).
Walter has noticed that, as he has gotten older, his peripheral nervous system has been in decline. For example, his visual abilities have declined markedly-in particular his night vision is poor. Also, his ability to perceive tastes is much less active than in his youth.

-Walter's reduced ability to sense tastes is caused by

A) age effects on taste bud cells.
B) age effects on rod ells.
C) age effects on myelinated neurons.
D) age effects on the tongue epithelium.

Accepted Answer

Poor night vision is primarily caused by age-related effects on rod cells, which are responsible for vision in low light conditions.

Question 5

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question(s) that follow(s).
Bob was in a terrible automobile accident and sustained damage to his autonomic nervous system. In particular, his parasympathetic nervous system was seriously damaged and has lost its function.

-Which of the following bodily functions would not be affected by this?

A) heart rate
B) the digestive system
C) skeletal muscles
D) the pancreas

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Accepted Answer

Age effects on taste bud cells are responsible for the reduced ability to sense tastes as one gets older. Taste buds can become less sensitive and regenerate less often with age, leading to a decline in taste perception.

Question 6

In a neuronal action potential, the primary voltage-gated channel(s) involved is/are the&#10;A) calcium and potassium channels.&#10;B) sodium and calcium channels.&#10;C) sodium and potassium channels.&#10;D) sodium channel.

Accepted Answer

Sodium and potassium channels are primarily involved in the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. Sodium channels open first, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels open shortly thereafter, allowing potassium ions to exit the neuron and repolarize the membrane.

Question 7

At rest, the inside of the neuron is more ________ than the outside.&#10;A) positively charged.&#10;B) negatively charged.&#10;C) hydrated.&#10;D) active.

Accepted Answer

At rest, the inside of a neuron is more negatively charged relative to the outside. This is due to the distribution of ions across the neuron's membrane, creating a resting membrane potential.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding neurotransmitters is correct?&#10;A) They are released from satellite cells and stimulate neurons.&#10;B) They are released from the synaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft.&#10;C) Most neurotransmitters are simple sugars like glucose and fructose.&#10;D) Once released, neurotransmitters are very long-lived.

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from the synaptic terminal (or presynaptic neuron) into the synaptic cleft, where they can then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron to transmit a signal. This process is fundamental to neuronal communication.

Question 9

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question(s) that follow(s).
Bob was in a terrible automobile accident and sustained damage to his autonomic nervous system. In particular, his parasympathetic nervous system was seriously damaged and has lost its function.

-Which of the following bodily functions would tend to be stimulated in the absence of parasympathetic input?

A) heart rate
B) the digestive system
C) skeletal muscles
D) the pancreas

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the body's rest and digest function. It does not directly control skeletal muscles, which are instead controlled by the somatic nervous system.

Question 10

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question(s) that follow(s).
Walter has noticed that, as he has gotten older, his peripheral nervous system has been in decline. For example, his visual abilities have declined markedly-in particular his night vision is poor. Also, his ability to perceive tastes is much less active than in his youth.

-Walter's poor night vision is caused by

A) age effects on cone cells.
B) age effects on rod cells.
C) age effects on the cornea.
D) age effects on the iris.

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" functions, slowing the heart rate, and stimulating digestive activities. With its loss, functions that are typically slowed or inhibited by the parasympathetic nervous system, such as heart rate, would tend to be stimulated or unopposed, leading to an increase.

Deck 15: Sensation, Neurons and Nervous Systems