Deck 4: Legal Frameworks for Sustainability

Question 1

The purpose of environmental law is to protect environmental integrity and ______.

A) Business interests
B) International waters
C) Public health
D) Government interests

Answer 1

Public health

Question 2

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is part of the _____ branch of government responsible for enforcing environmental law.

A) Legislative
B) Judicial
C) International
D) Executive

Answer 2

Executive

Question 3

The attitude of ______ sees law as a barrier to economic growth.

A) Avoidance
B) Criminals
C) Transformation
D) Executives

Answer 3

Avoidance

Question 4

The attitude of ______ sees law as a source of unavoidable obligations.

A) Responsibility
B) Compliance
C) Avoidance
D) Executives

Question 5

The attitude of ______ sees law as a source of enforceable rights that can be leveraged to create value.

A) Advantage
B) Executives
C) Transformation
D) Capitalism

Question 6

The attitude of ______ sees law as an opportunity to renovate its value chain.

A) Compliance
B) Avoidance
C) Advantage
D) Transformation

Question 7

Law is a system of ______ that regulates a particular community, which can be enforced by institutions of government.

A) Production
B) Ownership
C) Punishment
D) Rules

Question 8

The main difference between "hard law" and "soft law" is ______.

A) Purpose
B) Scope
C) Enforceability
D) None of the above

Question 9

The ______ is the layer of government jurisdictions that can regulate conduct at the international, regional, national, and local levels.

A) Legal hierarchy
B) Soft law framework
C) Basel Convention
D) United Nations Global Compact

Question 10

International law is a form of ______.

A) Command-and-control
B) Hard law
C) Land use planning
D) Soft law

Question 11

The ______ successfully limited the trend of developed countries dumping hazardous waste into developing countries.

A) Kyoto Protocol
B) UN Global Compact
C) Basel Convention
D) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Question 12

The ______ was a successful international agreement that protected the Earth's ozone layer from ozone-depleting substances by phasing them out of production and use.

A) Montreal Protocol
B) UN Global Compact
C) Kyoto Protocol
D) Clean Air Act

Question 13

The legal framework for sustainable business is the set of ______ laws primarily designed to ______ adverse social, economic, and environmental impacts resulting from business activity.

A) Unenforceable, augment
B) Protective, reduce
C) Soft, reduce
D) International, reduce

Question 14

Sustainable ______ integrates environmental aspects into the technical and functional specifications of a product.

A) Marketing
B) Operations
C) Supply Chain Management
D) Product Design

Question 15

The EU Directive on Eco-Design of Energy-Using Products requires manufacturers to design such products to ______ energy consumption and negative environmental impacts associated with the product's life-cycle.

A) Disclose
B) Maximize
C) Report
D) Reduce

Question 16

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act requires the owner or operator of any facility to notify local authorities of the presence of ______.

A) Hazardous substances
B) Undocumented workers
C) Dangerous working conditions
D) Solid waste

Question 17

The European Union's REACH program creates a(n) ______ for substances manufactured or imported into the EU, and requires manufacturers to prove these substances are ______.

A) Incentive, affordable
B) Market, available
C) Storage facility, contained
D) Registration system, safe

Question 18

The Occupational Safety and Health Act establishes workplace standards to prevent employees from being ______.

A) Killed
B) Seriously injured or abused
C) Exposed to workplace hazards
D) All of the above

Question 19

The Clean Water Act requires point source polluters to obtain a(n) ______.

A) Permit
B) Wetland development plan
C) Effluent identification program
D) Offset

Question 20

A ______ of water pollution is an isolated discrete conveyance of effluent, such as chemicals poured into a culvert that drains into a river.

A) Stationary source
B) Mobile source
C) Point source
D) Nonpoint source

Question 21

The ______ requires certain kinds of water pollution to be pretreated or filtered before it is discharged into a navigable water body of the United States.

A) Safe Drinking Water Administration
B) National Environmental Policy Act
C) Great Lakes Commission
D) Clean Water Act

Question 22

The Clean Air Act regulates dangerous air pollution from major sources of emissions across the United States through the National ________ Standards.

A) Pollution Control
B) Ambient Air Quality
C) Health Protection
D) Welfare

Question 23

The Clean Air Act regulates air pollution emissions from ______ and ______ sources.

A) Foreign, domestic
B) Small companies, residential
C) Stationary, mobile
D) Point, nonpoint

Question 24

To get a permit to construct a new source of air pollution, the Clean Air Act may require a(n) ______, which is a reduction in emissions that more than compensates for new sources of pollution.

A) Schematic
B) Offset
C) Environmental impact statement
D) Technology standard

Question 25

______, such as blood diamonds, are resources looted from a country under siege with armed warfare involving human rights violations.

A) Rare earth metals
B) Embargoed goods
C) Externalities
D) Conflict minerals

Question 26

Title XV of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires companies to disclose dealings in ______ as well as labor problems at ______ operations.

A) Political elections, domestic
B) Conflict minerals, mining
C) Rare earth metals, electronics manufacturing
D) Mortgage-backed securities, banking

Question 27

______ is a crime usually involving kidnapping, physical abuse, and deprivation of basic rights such as compensation for labor.

A) Human trafficking
B) Insider trading
C) Lobbying
D) Corruption

Question 28

According to SB 657: California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, certain companies importing goods into California must ______ to combat slavery in their supply chains.

A) Take concrete steps
B) Introduce supplier codes of conduct
C) Undergo external audits
D) Disclose initiatives

Question 29

Transparency laws, such as SB 657, are different than command-and-control laws because the former require ______ whereas the latter require ______.

A) Compliance, enforcement
B) Producing information, changing behavior
C) Capital outlay, delaying dividend payments
D) Enforcement, compliance

Question 30

The FTC's Green Marketing Guidelines are designed to prevent marketers from making ______ claims about the environmental attributes of products.

A) Vague
B) Unsubstantiated
C) Misleading
D) All of the above

Question 31

According to the Green Marketing Guidelines, claiming a product is sustainable may be ______ if the product's environmental benefits are outweighed by its adverse impacts.

A) Useful
B) Permitted
C) Deceptive
D) Required

Question 32

Canada's Hazardous Products Act sorts all consumer products into four categories: those that are ______, those that are subject to mandatory regulation, those that are subject to voluntary standards, and those that are unregulated.

A) Banned
B) Sustainable
C) Organic
D) Toxic

Question 33

The purpose of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is to ensure the ______ of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and cosmetics sold in the United States.

A) Safety and effectiveness,
B) Availability and affordability
C) Highest quality
D) Production and distribution

Question 34

A(n) ______ defect occurs when a product departs from its intended design, like an exploding glass soda bottle.

A) Design
B) Marketing
C) Workplace
D) Manufacturing

Question 35

A design defect occurs when a product is unreasonably risky as designed and there existed a reasonably available ______ that would have eliminated that risk.

A) Product placement
B) Warning label
C) Alternative design
D) Package

Question 36

A ______ defect occurs when a product is accompanied by inadequate user instructions that render the product unreasonably risky.

A) Warning
B) Marketing
C) Warranty
D) Misrepresentation

Question 37

______ is when a company's conduct breaches the common law duty to exercise reasonable care, resulting in physical injury to a foreseeable victim.

A) Breach of contract
B) Trespass
C) Negligence
D) Misrepresentation

Question 38

A breach of ______ means a company fails to fulfill the terms of the representations made about a product, specifically that the product is fit for its intended use.

A) Fitness
B) Warning
C) Warranty
D) Trust

Question 39

A misrepresentation can become a source of ______ if the seller gives the buyer a false sense of security regarding product safety that the buyer relies upon to her detriment.

A) Competitive advantage
B) Liability
C) Revenue
D) Influence

Question 40

A consumer product manufacturer may be faced with strict liability if they sell a defective product that injures a consumer and which defect rendered the product ______ according to reasonable consumer expectations.

A) Unreasonably dangerous
B) Unaffordable
C) Offensive
D) Reasonable

Question 41

Extended producer responsibility laws require electronics manufacturing companies to take responsibility for disposal of waste generated by ______ products.

A) Recycled
B) Refurbished
C) Obsolete
D) Defective

Question 42

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act governs the generation, transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of ______.

A) E-waste
B) Benign chemicals
C) Natural resources
D) Hazardous solid waste

Question 43

A(n) ______ program is when the consumer finances the take-back and disposal of electronic waste.

A) Recycling
B) Recovery fee
C) Extended producer responsibility
D) Refurbishing

Question 44

Under the ______, a company responsible for a spill is liable for the cost of removal and any resulting damages.

A) Clean Air Act
B) National Environmental Policy Act
C) Montreal Protocol
D) Oil Pollution Act

Question 45

When required by law, an environmental impact statement describes the positive and negative social, economic, and environmental impacts that would result from a proposed change in ______.

A) Product design
B) Management
C) Packaging
D) Land use

Question 46

Under the National Environmental Policy Act, when any United States government agency takes an action (such as by issuing a permit) that would significantly affect the quality of ______, it must first prepare an environmental impact statement.

A) Consumer products
B) Goods and services
C) The human environment
D) Affordable housing

Question 47

Mere compliance with the law is different than sustainable business performance because the latter does not ______.

A) Depend on enforcement
B) Cost money
C) Require planning
D) Avoid liability

Question 48

______ is a form of private sector influence over public policy.

A) Marketing
B) Regulation
C) Compliance
D) Lobbying

Question 49

When an industry leader is appointed the chief regulator of her prior industry, and proceeds to reduce the protective force of applicable regulations in a conflict of interest, this is said to be a(n) ______ appointment.

A) Sustainable
B) Recess
C) Revolving door
D) Ethical

Question 50

The landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ______ limits on political campaign contributions by corporations.

A) Enforced
B) Upheld
C) Struck down
D) Established

Question 51

Under-enforcement is when a government agency fails to take adequate legal actions to ______ compliance.

A) Monitor
B) Compensate
C) Require
D) Remedy

Question 52

The purpose of environmental law is to protect environmental integrity and ______.

Question 53

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol was an unenforceable commitment ratified by almost 200 nations intended to address ______.

Question 54

According to the state law SB 657: California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, certain companies ______ in California must disclose efforts to combat slavery in their supply chains.

Question 55

The concept of ______ means manufacturers take responsibility for the take-back and disposal of obsolete electronic products.

Question 56

The United Nations Global Compact is an influential, but non-binding, example of international ______ law.

Question 57

Distinguish the two conflicting agendas of corporate lobbying on climate change.

Question 58

According to Stephen Meyer, what is the economic impact of environmental regulation?

Question 59

Describe the Montreal Protocol and explain is impact.

Question 60

Describe the purpose of SB 657: California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, and explain what Safeway did in response to this law.

Question 61

Distinguish the three legal compliance challenges faced by New Cingular Wireless after the acquisition of AT&T Wireless.