Deck 2: Perspectives

Question 1

Corporate social responsibility is a form of industry _______ that integrates into business strategy a process for monitoring and managing corporate conduct relative to external stakeholders.

A) Regulatory compliance
B) Lobbying
C) Product innovation
D) Self regulation

Answer 1

Self regulation

Question 2

There are at least four ways to make the business case for corporate social responsibility, including benefits to _____, ______, ______, and _____.

A) Supplier laborers, customers, ecosystems, future generations.
B) Innovation, decentralization, integration, regulatory compliance
C) Human resources, risk management, brand differentiation, license to operate
D) Leadership, acquisitions, avoidance, shareholder profit

Answer 2

Human resources, risk management, brand differentiation, license to operate

Question 3

Human rights are based on the inherent _____ of all human beings.

A) Self-interest
B) Fairness
C) Dignity
D) Decisions

Answer 3

Dignity

Question 4

Stakeholder theory suggests that businesses can be successful only if they ____ for external stakeholders.

A) Establish brand
B) Create value
C) Design promotions
D) Offer discounts

Question 5

Corporate social responsibility can be used to help ______ employees.

A) Recruit
B) Retain
C) Promote
D) All of the above

Question 6

Timberland, LLC uses ______ to engage employees in CSR.

A) Prizes
B) Merit system
C) Community service
D) Rigid hierarchies

Question 7

According to stakeholder theory, stakeholders for a business include these five groups:

A) Employees, managers, executives, directors, shareholders
B) Managers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, shareholders
C) Politicians, religious leaders, researchers, executives, donors
D) Customers, suppliers, employees, communities, financiers

Question 8

According to stakeholder theory, it is a _____ to focus solely on financier interest in strategic business decisions because other critical values will be ______.

A) Priority, included
B) Mistake, forfeited
C) Goal, distractions
D) Requirement, discretionary

Question 9

The ______ to operate describes the unwritten expectations of fairness held by the community affected by a company's activities.

A) Regulatory permit
B) Owner's license
C) Social license
D) Ethics

Question 10

Ecosystem ______ are the benefits that humans realize from productive ecosystems, such as biological filtration of water in a wetland.

A) Controls
B) Processes
C) Services
D) Risks

Question 11

When a wetland acts as a protective buffer against an incoming storm surge, it provides a(n) ______ to the nearby community.

A) Ecosystem service
B) Recreational opportunity
C) Conservation easement
D) Environmental justice

Question 12

The four types of ecosystem services can be characterized as provisioning, ______, ______, and ______.

A) Regulating, supporting, cultural
B) Supplying, innovating, biological
C) Global, regional, privatized
D) Flowering, growing, sustaining

Question 13

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that ecosystem services are ______.

A) Abundant
B) Privatized
C) Threatened
D) Overpriced

Question 14

The Environmental Kuznets Curve is the _____ that environmental degradation increases then diminishes in a(n) _____ function of income per capita.

A) Strategy, non-linear
B) Hypothesis, inverted U-shaped
C) Fact, positive multiplier
D) Hypothesis, linear

Question 15

The Environmental Kuznets Curve suggests that economic growth _____ promotes environmental quality.

A) Never
B) Initially
C) Always
D) Eventually

Question 16

Virtually all nations currently _____ the UN Human Development's minimum criteria for sustainability.

A) Meet
B) Fail to meet
C) Exceed
D) Enforce

Question 17

In the Environmental Kuznets Curve, environmental degradation and income per capita are indicated by these proximate factors: ______, ______, ______, and ______.

A) Wealth, resources, innovation, governance
B) Output mix, input mix, state of technology, scale of production
C) Water, raw materials, liquidity, share price
D) Biodiversity, resource scarcity, Consumer Price Index, Gross Domestic Product

Question 18

Empirical trends ______ the Environmental Kuznets Curve.

A) Support
B) Prove
C) Undermine
D) Outperform

Question 19

One ____ of the Environmental Kuznets Curve is that increases in environmental degradation often ______ economic production.

A) Flaw, enhance
B) Argument, impede
C) Argument, enhance
D) Flaw, impede

Question 20

Contrary to Environmental Kuznets Curve prediction, the most economically _______ nations in the world are responsible for the largest environmental impacts.

A) Developed
B) Under-developed
C) Progressive
D) Conservative

Question 21

According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve, as an economy develops from pre-industrial into post-industrial, environmental degradation _____ then _____.

A) Shrinks, expands
B) Restores, harms
C) Rises, falls
D) Weakens, collapses

Question 22

Regenerative capacity refers to the amount of useful _____ an ecosystem can produce, and the amount of ______ it can absorb, given prevailing consumption and management practices.

A) Concepts, resources
B) Biological material, waste
C) Protein, oxygen
D) Carbon dioxide, oxygen

Question 23

Biocapacity deficit refers to a situation where _____ exceeds the regenerative capacity of an ecosystem.

A) Erosion
B) Flooding
C) Extinction
D) Pollution and consumption

Question 24

Biocapacity _____ describes a scenario where the biocapacity of a given area exceeds the dependent population's ecological footprint.

A) Deficit
B) Growth
C) Concentration
D) Remainder

Question 25

Finding practical commercial and industrial applications of biological features of plants and animals is the practice of _____.

A) Botanical design
B) Ecology
C) Biomimicry
D) Ergonomics

Question 26

One of the design principles drawn from biomimicry states that "nature uses only the energy it _____."

A) Produces
B) Stores
C) Wants
D) Needs

Question 27

Biomimicry involves learning from features of living things that have survived the long test of _______.

A) Natural selection
B) Climate change
C) Mate selection
D) Extreme weather

Question 28

In the context of international trade, ethical conflicts may arise because of differences in relative economic development between the _____ and the foreign corporation.

A) Shareholders
B) Host nation
C) Board of Directors
D) Customers

Question 29

A cross-country ethical dilemma occurs when a company operates in two or more countries with _______ ethical standards.

A) Well developed
B) Compatible
C) Limiting
D) Conflicting

Question 30

The view in environmental ethics that only human beings are morally significant is called _______.

A) Anthropocentrism
B) Nationalism
C) Egocentrism
D) Anti-environmentalism

Question 31

According to anthropocentrism, protecting the environment is morally necessary only if _________.

A) Endangered species are at stake
B) Shareholders approve
C) Doing so benefits humans
D) The benefits to the environment outweigh the costs to humans

Question 32

Biocentrism holds that every living creature has ______.

A) Subservient rights
B) Intrinsic value
C) Instrumental value
D) Contingent rights

Question 33

Biocentrism holds that every living creature on Earth exists in a(n) _______ system.

A) Open
B) Interdependent
C) Independent
D) Bifurcated

Question 34

According to biocentrism, social and economic systems _______ environmental systems.

A) Stabilize
B) Replace
C) Depend upon
D) Conflict with

Question 35

Environmental justice seeks to remedy the disproportionate burdens of environmental harms on ____ communities, and to provide them meaningful involvement in environmental decision-making.

A) Low-income
B) Minority
C) Vulnerable
D) All of the above

Question 36

Natural capital accounting _______ of ecosystem services in order to evaluate the social return on environmental investment.

A) Measures the health
B) Quantifies the value
C) Limits the supply
D) Finances the exploitation

Question 37

Natural capital accounting aligns business incentives with sustainable land use by revealing the _________ of preservation and conservation.

A) Public perceptions
B) Hidden agenda
C) Monetary value
D) Depreciating value

Question 38

Conservation _____ the exploitation of natural resources.

A) Allows
B) Prohibits
C) Requires
D) Increases

Question 39

Conserving a natural resource means balancing human needs, the needs of wildlife, and the ability of stakeholders to ________ changes in resource exploitation rates.

A) Protest
B) Promote
C) Profit from
D) Adapt to

Question 40

Preservation is a policy of maintaining certain parcels of land ______.

A) For recreational use
B) For future generations
C) In pristine condition
D) All of the above

Question 41

A conservation easement is a form of _______ that ______ the kind of activities allowed on a certain parcel of land.

A) Property right, limits
B) Class-action lawsuit, limits
C) Operating, exemplifies
D) Taxation, limits

Question 42

In land use terms, an _____ is a means of compensating for environmental harms by setting aside a parcel in a sensitive ecosystem for _______ purposes.

A) Easement, conservation
B) Offset, preservation
C) Offset, tax
D) Easement, preservation

Question 43

Ecosystem ______ are the benefits that humans realize because of healthy ecosystems, including productive yields, buffers against natural disasters, and biological filtration of air and water.

Question 44

______ holds that a business can be successful only if it creates value for customers, suppliers, employees, communities, and financiers.

Question 45

Corporate social responsibility is a form of industry ______ that monitors and manages the impact of business activities on external stakeholders.

Question 46

The Environmental ______ is an economic theory predicting that environmental degradation rises then falls in an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita.

Question 47

The field of ______ finds practical commercial and industrial applications of biological features of plants and animals that have stood the test of natural selection.

Question 48

Cradle-to-______ differs from the cradle-to-grave metaphor by incorporating materials from the waste stream back as inputs into the production process.

Question 49

Define ecosystem services, and give an example of each of the four different kinds of ecosystem services.

Question 50

Evaluate Nike's progress in handling the issue of labor abuse in its supply chain. Has the issue been resolved? Why or why not?

Question 51

Contrast the motives behind sustainability initiatives at Timberland and Seventh Generation.

Question 52

Explain how Home Depot lost, and then regained, its social license to operate.

Question 53

Distinguish the environmental ethics views of anthropocentrism and biocentrism.