Deck 2: Organism and Population Ecology and Evolution, Human Population Growth, and Communities and Ecosystems

Question 1

Total fertility rate refers to________.

A) the number of offspring born during a given year
B) the number of offspring that survive to become reproductive adults
C) the number of females giving birth during a given year
D) the average age at which females become sexually active
E) the potential number of offspring born per female in her reproductive years

Answer 1

the potential number of offspring born per female in her reproductive years

Question 2

The lowest fertility rates may be found in________.

A) in places with poor health care systems
B) developed countries
C) countries providing opportunities for women's education
D) developing countries
E) where access to birth control is limited

Answer 2

countries providing opportunities for women's education

Question 3

Assuming no migration, birth rate minus death rate is equal to ________.

A) the relative rates of immigration and emigration are increasing
B) the proportions of fertile women in different populations
C) the cause of deaths in the population
D) a higher birth rate in a population
E) the increase or decrease in different populations

Answer 3

the increase or decrease in different populations

Question 4

An organism's ________for many environmental factors determines where it can live.

A) adaptations
B) survivorship
C) range of tolerance
D) fitness
E) carrying capacity

Question 5

An organism's range of tolerance is most closely related to an organism's________ .

A) rainfall minimum
B) habitat
C) ecological niche
D) toxic chemical threshold
E) temperature maximum

Question 6

What was one of the main causes of the Galapagos Island finches' death in 1977?

A) a tsunami
B) an earthquake
C) a drought
D) a hurricane
E) a tropical storm

Question 7

What are the three requirements for photosynthesis?

A) sunlight, carbon dioxide, and glucose
B) sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
C) sunlight, nitrogen, and water
D) sunlight, oxygen, and water
E) sunlight, oxygen, and glucose

Question 8

From what process do all organisms use energy to power their physical, behavioral, and reproductive functions?

A) photosynthesis
B) chemosynthesis
C) cell division
D) cellular respiration
E) anaerobic respiration

Question 9

In asexual reproduction,________.

A) the offspring are genetically related but also genetically distinct
B) the offspring develop from a different zygote
C) the offspring are genetically unique
D) the offspring have identical DNA
E) the offspring are made up of portions of each of the parent's DNA

Question 10

Population growth is determined by________.

A) birth, death, and doubling time
B) birth, death, and emigration
C) birth, death, and total fertility
D) birth, death, and net migration
E) birth, death, and environmental resistance

Question 11

In the process of natural selection, the organisms most likely to survive are________

A) the organisms that have a range of reproductive fitness
B) the organisms that are most reproductively fit
C) the organisms that are very large and very small that outlive the average sized organisms
D) the organisms that survive at various ranges of tolerance of temperature
E) the organisms that can adapt to an extreme range of tolerance of precipitation

Question 12

The medium ground finches (normally distinguished by a range of beak sizes) that survive drought conditions in the Galapagos are able to eat the large and tough seeds from the fever plant. This survival can be described best as _______.

A) genetic drift
B) disruptive selection
C) the founder effect
D) directional selection
E) stabilizing selection

Question 13

If a tiger and a lion were to mate, what may be a result?

A) The species are genetically appropriate and contribute to the exponential growth in the population.
B) A new species forms and replication allows the population to flourish.
C) Sterile or partially sterile offspring are produced.
D) Breeding barriers will not allow the mating to occur.
E) The chance of fertility in female offspring increases.

Question 14

The mating ritual of the blue- footed boobies in the Galapagos Islands includes a complex dance. The birds will not mate with other birds that do not know the dance. This is an example of________ .

A) behavioral isolation
B) mechanical isolation
C) reproductive isolation
D) geographic isolation
E) structural isolation

Question 15

Different insect species may not pollinate a plant because of the shape or color of its flowers. This is best described as________.

A) disruptive isolation
B) structural isolation
C) geographic isolation
D) reproductive isolation
E) behavioral isolation

Question 16

A kingdom in the hierarchical system of classification can be defined as________.

A) a major subdivision of a family containing one or more species
B) an overall category containing organisms that share fundamental structures and functions
C) a major subdivision of a phylum or a division containing one or more orders of their subgroup
D) a group of similar individuals that are able to interbred with one another in the world
E) a major subdivision of an order containing one or more genera and their subgroups

Question 17

In the hierarchical system of classification, a family can be defined as________.

A) a major subdivision of an order containing one or more genera
B) a major subdivision of a phylum or a division containing one or more orders
C) a group of individuals that are able to interbreed with one another
D) a group of organisms that are very closely related to one another
E) an overall category containing organisms that share fundamental structures and functions

Question 18

In the hierarchical system of classification, species are defined as________.

A) a group of individuals that are able to interbreed with one another, producing fertile offspring
B) an overall category containing organisms that share very similar fundamental structures and functions
C) a major subdivision of a family containing one or more related groups
D) a major subdivision of an order containing one or more genera and their subgroups
E) a major subdivision of a phylum or a division containing one or more orders of their subgroup

Question 19

The scientific, two- part Latin name of a species ________.

A) is always composed of two unique names for that species
B) describes exactly to which kingdom it belongs
C) is always composed of a family and genus name
D) is always composed of a genus and species name
E) describes exactly to which phylum it belongs

Question 20

Genetic drift refers to________.

A) a change in the overall distribution of a population
B) a change in the frequency of genes in a population because of tectonic plate movement
C) a change in the frequency of a population's inherited trait brought about by a chance event
D) a change in the frequency of a population's genes because of mutation
E) a change in the frequency of a species' occurrence

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote?

A) fungi
B) algae
C) protozoa
D) bacteria
E) plants

Question 22

How does generation time affect population growth rate?

A) the longer the generation time, the more stabilized the population growth rate
B) the shorter the generation time, the higher the population growth rate
C) the shorter the generation time, the lower the population growth rate
D) the longer the generation time, the shorter the population growth rate
E) the longer the generation time, the higher the population growth rate

Question 23

At fertilization, the egg and the sperm merge to form a zygote. The zygote contains DNA from both parents making the offspring________.

A) a clone
B) haploid offspring
C) genetically unique
D) sterile hybrid
E) inbred vigorous

Question 24

If a population of lemmings grows fast during a productive winter and shoots beyond the carrying capacity the population will________.

A) quickly crash back below the carrying capacity
B) revert to logistic growth
C) continue to grow but in an S shape
D) continue to grow just as quickly
E) slowly return to below the carrying capacity

Question 25

Use the pictures to determine what type of isolation might occur because of the type of organism shown.

A) reproductive isolation
B) geographic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) structural isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 26

What does the figure illustrate?

A) Fish have a steady rate of mortality change.
B) Birds have a constant mortality rate.
C) Humans have an increased mortality rate at a young age.
D) Fish have a decreased mortality rate at young age.
E) Birds have an ever decreasing mortality rate.

Question 27

-The organism most likely to be vulnerable to global climate change is________.

A) rainbow trout
B) rainbow trout and Antarctic ice fish
C) Antarctic ice fish
D) desert pupfish
E) desert pupfish and all its relatives

Question 28

The species most likely to be affected if the water temperature increases from 74°F to 80°F would be________

A) the Antarctic ice fish, the rainbow trout, and the desert pupfish
B) neither the desert pupfish or the rainbow trout
C) both the desert pupfish and the rainbow trout
D) the desert pupfish
E) the rainbow trout

Question 29

According to the figure, the specific location of photosynthesis is________ .

A) the plant cell
B) the atmosphere
C) the plant
D) the chloroplast
E) the atmosphere and the plant

Question 30

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Death Rate

A) The multiple by which an exponentially growing population increases
B) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The number of new individuals added to a population in each generation
E) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce

Question 31

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Birth Rate

A) The multiple by which an exponentially growing population increases
B) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The number of new individuals added to a population in each generation
E) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce

Question 32

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Exponential Growth Rate

A) The multiple by which an exponentially growing population increases
B) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The number of new individuals added to a population in each generation
E) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce

Question 33

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Total Fertility Rate

A) The multiple by which an exponentially growing population increases
B) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The number of new individuals added to a population in each generation
E) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce

Question 34

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Population Growth Rate

A) The multiple by which an exponentially growing population increases
B) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The number of new individuals added to a population in each generation
E) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce

Question 35

Read the scenario and answer the accompanying questions.
Today, finches occupy every continent except Australia, most eating seeds, a diet for which their bills are well-adapted. Over the past several million years, 13 Galapagos finches have come to occupy the varied Galapagos islands. Finches found on these islands have very different bill shapes and feeding behaviors than finches found on the nearby mainland. Darwin gathered a considerable amount of field data on these finches and their habitats in order to propose his findings.

-Determining that there were 13 different species of finches, Darwin proposed that they arose by________

A) disruptive selection
B) natural selection
C) stabilizing selection
D) genetic drift
E) convergent evolution

Question 36

Read the scenario and answer the accompanying questions.
Today, finches occupy every continent except Australia, most eating seeds, a diet for which their bills are well-adapted. Over the past several million years, 13 Galapagos finches have come to occupy the varied Galapagos islands. Finches found on these islands have very different bill shapes and feeding behaviors than finches found on the nearby mainland. Darwin gathered a considerable amount of field data on these finches and their habitats in order to propose his findings.

-What major factors allowed the birds to adapt to their new environment?

A) genetic drift followed by mutation
B) mutation followed by reproductive isolation
C) mutation and disruptive selection
D) mutation and increased reproductive fit of some offspring
E) the founder effect followed by reproductive isolation

Question 37

Population growth rates of various key species are important to understand, as large growth rates of any one species can easily affect the natural resources within an ecosystem. Assume that a population of 200 exotic parrots (all of the same species) accidentally escaped from a Miami zoo during a recent hurricane. After intense efforts, 215 are recaptured one year later. Calculate the population growth rate of this parrot species, and based on this growth rate, explain how long it would have taken for this population to double in size, if they had not been recaptured.

Question 38

How would Darwin explain the origin of over a dozen different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, when it was thought that only one species was the original parent species for all?

Question 39

By what percentage has the Earth's population grown in the last 20 years

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 30%
D) 50%
E) 10%

Question 40

It is estimated that the ratio of the population of developing countries to developed countries by 2050 will be________.

A) 1:2
B) 1:6
C) 1:4
D) 2:1
E) 6:1

Question 41

Approximately how many years ago did our species, Homo sapiens, begin to migrate out of Africa and settle in Europe, Asia, and Australia?

A) 100,000 years
B) 100 million years
C) 10,000 years
D) 1,000 years
E) 1 million years

Question 42

Innovations in agriculture have increased food supply. This has allowed human populations to grow to approximately________by the end of the agriculture period.

A) 500 million
B) 1 million
C) 1.5 billion
D) 100 million
E) 1 billion

Question 43

The first stage of demographic transition is characterized primarily by________.

A) over consumption of resources
B) low birth rates
C) high food supplies
D) high death rates
E) first availability of medical care

Question 44

Early in the 18th century, Thomas Malthus recognized the connection between human population growth and________ .

A) decreasing birth rates
B) increasing medical issues leading to high mortality
C) the geographical size of the country
D) resource availability
E) increasing death rates because of the effects of Industrial Revolution

Question 45

The lowest total fertility rates might be found in ________.

A) places with poor health care systems
B) places with poor sanitation
C) developing countries
D) countries where access to birth control is limited
E) countries providing education for women

Question 46

When considering the world population as a whole, birth rates and death rates enable one to calculate ________.

A) the increase or decrease in the population
B) the causes of infant mortality in a population
C) the causes of death in a population
D) the proportions of fertile women in a population
E) the relative rates of immigration and emigration

Question 47

Which of the following is not a reason that poor families in developing countries might have many children?

A) Most children survive beyond one year.
B) high mortality among the young
C) Children are helpers for essential chores on the farm.
D) The more males born to a family, the better it is for managing the family farm or business.
E) to assure care of parents in their old age

Question 48

In the early part of the 20th century in the U.S., Margaret Sanger succeeded in making significant contributions toward________by providing access to contraception to poor women.

A) disease prevention
B) bringing attention to the problem of decreasing food supply
C) promoting the baby boom
D) family planning
E) bringing attention to the need for women's education in Africa

Question 49

Which of the following countries created a policy aimed at stabilizing populations by urging couples to have only one child?

A) India
B) Russia
C) Mexico
D) China
E) Kenya

Question 50

Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in India?

A) Changing public attitudes about family size and timing through education and counseling.
B) A one- child policy that is enforced through taxation works best for controlling population.
C) Lack of education and health care and improved opportunities for women decreases fertility rates
D) There is little governmental financial support for birth control for all couples.
E) Increasing child survival, elevating status and employment levels for women, and increasing literacy in the general population will decrease fertility rates.

Question 51

In developing countries, a major characteristic of efforts to curb population growth that has been the most successful includes________.

A) improved health care for all employed workers
B) increased education for men
C) increased education for women
D) better health care for infants
E) knowledge of birth control

Question 52

Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?

A) Changing public attitudes about family size through communication, education, counseling, and contraceptives can reduce the population growth rates.
B) A one- child policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties works best for controlling population.
C) There is minimal governmental financial support for birth control for all couples.
D) Increasing child survival, elevating status and employment levels for women, and increasing literacy in the general population will decrease fertility rates.
E) A one- child policy that requires all women to work and education for all decreases fertility rates.

Question 53

What is a result when birth rates and death rates reach equal numbers?

A) zero population growth
B) baby boom
C) biocapacity
D) changing demography
E) demographic transition

Question 54

The extent to which you consume ecosystem goods and services is described in terms of your ________ .

A) age- structure
B) ecosystem function
C) ecological footprint
D) fertility rate
E) biocapacity

Question 55

In an age- structure pyramid, the most critical age span for women in order to determine the current fertility rate potential is________.

A) 25- 49
B) 15- 49
C) 21- 45
D) 25- 45
E) 15- 35

Question 56

In order for a human population to be sustainable, its actual numbers must be________.

A) above its biocapacity
B) below its ecological footprint
C) above the carrying capacity
D) above its ecological footprint
E) below the carrying capacity

Question 57

Within a country, push factors are conditions characterized by________.

A) religious and cultural freedoms
B) improved family planning
C) government tax incentives
D) overabundance of resources
E) drought, famine, or war

Question 58

In Latin America from 1600 to 1900 the vast majority of families lived on farms, people were very poor, and many were malnourished. The next stage of demographic transition should be followed by a period where________.

A) the population stabilizes and the movement toward zero population growth continues
B) clean water, less disease, and higher literacy contributed to lower birth rates
C) population growth rates declined as people lived longer and were more wealthy, well- nourished and educated
D) improved economic conditions relieve food shortages, health care and the death rate declines
E) yellow fever and malaria are widespread and the survival ages is less than 30 years old

Question 59

Globally, what is the main reason that life expectancy has increased dramatically over the last five decades?

A) migration to cities
B) improved health care, nutrition, and sanitation
C) more food to feed more people but distribution is poor so people still go hungry
D) better family planning efforts in developed countries
E) improved clean water supplies

Question 60

In using the IPAT equation, much of the impact of affluence and technology is associated with________

A) sustainable development of goods and services
B) consumer demand for technology
C) use of energy to generate electricity and power cars
D) producing more waste and dealing with water contamination
E) consumption of water and production of waste

Question 61

The infant mortality rate is the percentage of children who die before the age of________.

A) 6 months
B) 5 years
C) 2 years
D) 1 month
E) 1 year

Question 62

-According to this figure depicting Niger's population, when did the country enter the second stage of the demographic transition?

A) 1950- 1960
B) 1990- 2000
C) 1975- 1980
D) 2000- 2010
E) 1960- 1970

Question 63

According to this figure depicting Niger's population transition, during which decade did the birth rate exceed the death rate?

A) 1970- 1980
B) That is not projected on this graph.
C) 1990- 2000
D) 1950- 1960
E) 2010- 2040

Question 64

In the early stages of fertility transition, what is happening with birth and death rates in this demographic transition graph?

A) Birth rates are decreasing and death rates are increasing.
B) Birth and death rates are decreasing.
C) Birth and death rates are increasing.
D) Birth and death rates are stable.
E) Birth rates are increasing and death rates are decreasing.

Question 65

Based on information in this figure on birth rates and wealth, what can be inferred about a population's birth rate as it relates to the Gross Domestic Product in the country?

A) Birth rates are higher in countries with lower wealth because the women are older when they give birth.
B) Wealthier countries have higher birth rates.
C) Wealthier countries have higher birth rates because people can afford more children.
D) Poorer countries have lower birth rates.
E) Birth rates are higher in countries with lower wealth because the women are younger when they give birth.

Question 66

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Birth Rate

A) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
B) The number of children born in a year per 1,000 women in a defined age group
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce
E) The percent of infants within a population that die before age one

Question 67

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Death Rate

A) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
B) The number of children born in a year per 1,000 women in a defined age group
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce
E) The percent of infants within a population that die before age one

Question 68

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Infant Mortality Rate

A) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
B) The number of children born in a year per 1,000 women in a defined age group
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce
E) The percent of infants within a population that die before age one

Question 69

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Age Specific Birth Rate

A) The number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population size
B) The number of children born in a year per 1,000 women in a defined age group
C) The number of births in the population expressed as a percentage of the population size
D) The potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce
E) The percent of infants within a population that die before age one

Question 70

Read the scenario and answer the accompanying questions.
In China, the one-child population policy has significantly diminished population growth rates, and zero-population growth effects are hoped for as soon as 2030. In various areas throughout the world different population control strategies are being implemented in an effort to reduce population growth and achieve replacement fertility. Use this information to answer the following questions.

-Globally, which of the following population control strategies has the greatest impact on fertility rates?

A) education for women
B) immunizations for childbearing mothers
C) gifts as a reward for having only one child
D) the rhythm method
E) health care for men

Question 71

Read the scenario and answer the accompanying questions.
In China, the one-child population policy has significantly diminished population growth rates, and zero-population growth effects are hoped for as soon as 2030. In various areas throughout the world different population control strategies are being implemented in an effort to reduce population growth and achieve replacement fertility. Use this information to answer the following questions.

-What population control strategy has a big impact on population growth without infringing on people's rights to reproduce?

A) India's family planning ministry
B) China's one- child population policy
C) Mexico's taxation on large families
D) immunizations for babies over age 2
E) sterilization

Question 72

The forecasts of world population growth made by population modelers Pearl and Gould in 1936 contrasted greatly with that of Meadows and Meadows made in 1972. Since all models are based on specific assumptions, explain the major differences in assumptions between these two models. Also include the major characteristics of the current UN population growth forecast.

Question 73

What makes it possible for the coexistence of several warbler species that feed on the same insect larvae?

A) The birds eat in the same area of different fir and spruce trees.
B) The birds eat in the different portions of the forest canopy.
C) The birds eat in the same portion of different evergreens.
D) The warblers do not experience intraspecies competition.
E) Some of the warblers are diurnal and some nocturnal.

Question 74

Several warbler species are able to coexist in the same forest because________.

A) they feed on the same larvae
B) season change within the forest causing certain species of the birds to fly south in the winter leaving more food for those that remain
C) the water they drink is the food source for the plankton they eat
D) different birds eat different larvae from the soil
E) they feed in different parts of the fir and spruce trees

Question 75

Herbivores feed on________ .

A) parasites
B) fungi
C) plants
D) animals
E) bacteria

Question 76

Animals such as earthworms and millipedes that feed on dead organic matter are________.

A) decomposers
B) consumers
C) herbivores
D) carnivores
E) producers

Question 77

Which of the following is the best approach to minimize the spread of parasitic beetles in a pine- dominated forest?

A) using pesticides to kill the beetles
B) releasing sterile wasps into the forest
C) introducing maples, oaks, and other hardwood tree species
D) planting additional pines once some trees die

Question 78

The monarch butterfly- milkweed relationship is best described as an example of________.

A) coevolution
B) parasitism
C) carnivory
D) succession
E) commensalism

Question 79

The symbiosis between a fungus and the roots of a tree is an example of________.

A) trophic cascade
B) mutual dependency
C) succession
D) commensalism
E) mutualism

Question 80

Primary producers transform energy from sunlight and certain inorganic chemicals into________.

A) biomass fuel
B) high- energy carbohydrates
C) low- energy carbohydrates
D) biomass energy
E) galactose