Deck 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

The statement that "all men are created equal" can be found in the

A) U.S. Constitution.
B) Declaration of Independence.
C) Bill of Rights.
D) Declaration of the Rights of Man.
E) Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Answer 1

Declaration of Independence.

Question 2

Policies that value equal economic status and attempt to provide such status through social provision of housing, health care, education, and governmental services are characterized by their emphasis on

A) political equality.
B) communism.
C) equality of condition.
D) equality of opportunity.
E) social equity.

Answer 2

equality of condition.

Question 3

Policies that provide the foundation for equal participation in the social, economic, and political sphere but that also accept unequal results in income, political power, and property ownership are characterized by their emphasis on

A) political equality.
B) communism.
C) equality of condition.
D) equality of opportunity.
E) social equity.

Answer 3

equality of opportunity.

Question 4

The NAACP lawyer who argued the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case before the U.S. Supreme Court was

A) Homer Plessy.
B) Fred Korematsu.
C) Warren Harding.
D) Clarence Thomas.
E) Thurgood Marshall.

Question 5

In 1990 _________ initiated action in the court pathway stating that Virginia violated the constitutional rights of women seeking admission.

A) the NAACP
B) NOW (National Organization of Women)
C) Virginia Loving
D) the U.S. Justice Department
E) Virginia Military Institute (VMI)

Question 6

In Bush v. Gore, the U.S. Supreme Court terminated the Florida recount, asserting that recount procedures would violate the equal protection rights of individual voters. The Court did not, however, directly answer the question of where this case signaled the Court's willingness to look at voters as claimants deserving of higher levels of scrutiny. This is an example of the application of the _____ test.

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) low scrutiny
D) rational basis.
E) Lemon

Question 7

When evaluating claims that a specific law or policy violates the equal protection clause, the Courts employ three levels of review. These are:

A) strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, and rational basis test.
B) strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, and low scrutiny.
C) strict scrutiny, rational basis test, and low scrutiny.
D) rational basis test, irrational basis test, and Lemon test.
E) equal protection test, rational basis test, and Lemon test.

Question 8

According to the table below, which of the following states had the largest difference between African American and white eligible citizens registered to vote?

A) Georgia
B) Alabama
C) Mississippi
D) North Carolina
E) South Carolina

Question 9

The vote was extended to women in 1920 as a result of

A) presidential executive order.
B) passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.
C) congressional mandate.
D) a Supreme Court decision.
E) individual state decisions.

Question 10

In 1973, Congress prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities who work in government or who seek services from federally funded programs by passing the

A) American Disabilities Act.
B) Rehabilitation Act.
C) Equal Access to Facilities Act
D) Physically Challenged Assistance Act.
E) Disabilities Protection Act.

Question 11

Through which pathway have Native American activists succeeded in their attempts to recover some of the debt owned them by the United States government?

A) the court pathway
B) the elections pathway
C) the cultural change pathway
D) the grassroots mobilization pathway
E) the lobbying pathway.

Question 12

A governing system based on equality of condition would ensure that everyone had equal opportunity to participate in political and economic life, but would not interfere in the political and economic outcome of individual choices.

Question 13

According to data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau, African Americans are more likely than whites or Hispanics to complete college.

Question 14

The Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court during the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case was Earl Warren.

Question 15

The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case validated the use of the court pathway of change by the NAACP.

Question 16

In cases alleging discrimination because of race or national origin, the Supreme Court applies an intermediate scrutiny test.

Question 17

Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy of nonviolent resistance was demonstrated to be a failure in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Question 18

César Chávez was a Latino civil rights leader who mainly used the court pathways to obtain protection for migrant farm workers.

Question 19

In Romer v. Evans, the Court found that cities could not pass antidiscrimination laws to protect gays and lesbians.

Question 20

The founders' intent behind the words "All men are created equal" was

A) equality of white men and women, excluding African Americans.
B) human equality, including women and African Americans.
C) equality of opportunity.
D) equality of condition.
E) political equality.

Question 21

According to data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau in the table below,

A) a connection cannot be made between education and poverty.
B) African Americans are paid a higher median household income than Hispanics.
C) Hispanics do better in obtaining a higher education than do African Americans.
D) a connection can be seen between education and poverty.
E) no connections can be made between races/ethnicity and education.

Question 22

After his assassination, President Abraham Lincoln was succeeded in office by

A) James Buchanan.
B) Ulysses Grant.
C) Andrew Johnson.
D) Rutherford Hayes.
E) Franklin Pierce.

Question 23

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 was most strongly supported by

A) wealthy southerners.
B) poor westerners.
C) wealthy northerners.
D) southerners in Congress.
E) northerners in Congress.

Question 24

After the disputed election of 1876 was awarded to Rutherford B. Hayes, federal occupation troops were removed from the South resulting in

A) a renewal of battles between the North and the South.
B) the terrorization of African Americans by secret societies, including the KKK.
C) a great sense of responsibility felt by southern legislatures to ensure African American voting rights.
D) a sense of relief felt by both white and black populations in the South.
E) an end to African Americans being terrorized by the troops.

Question 25

The three Civil War Amendments, so named because they were passed in the period immediately after the Civil War, were the

A) Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Amendments.
B) Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
C) Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
D) Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Amendments.
E) Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Amendments.

Question 26

Collectively, the Civil War Amendments were intended to

A) define the rights of freed slaves and give those rights constitutional protection.
B) punish the South for the Civil War.
C) reintegrate the United States into a single country.
D) dismantle the Southern military.
E) prevent states from attempting to leave the union again.

Question 27

Laws enacted by southern state legislatures immediately after the Civil War that mandated rigid racial segregation were known as

A) black codes.
B) poll taxes.
C) literacy tests.
D) citizen's councils.
E) Jim Crow laws.

Question 28

The pathway that Homer Plessy took in order to be able to sit in any railroad car he desired, and which resulted in the Plessy v. Ferguson decision was the

A) court pathway.
B) grassroots mobilization pathway.
C) cultural change pathway.
D) lobbying pathway.
E) election pathway.

Question 29

The Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" standard in its ruling in the case of

A) Texas v. Johnson.
B) Marbury v. Madison.
C) Dred Scott v. Sanford.
D) Brown v. Board of Education.
E) Plessy v. Ferguson.

Question 30

Homer Plessy was arrested and charged with what crime?

A) refusing to give up his seat to a white passenger
B) sitting in a white-only train car
C) attempting to attend a white-only school
D) attending a white church
E) eating in a white-only restaurant

Question 31

The significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) rests in the fact that it

A) brought an end to racial discrimination in the United States.
B) declared discrimination on the basis of race, class, or gender illegal.
C) precipitated a period of racial harmony in the United States.
D) guaranteed political and economic equality between whites and blacks in the United States.
E) signaled the court's importance as an avenue for effecting political change in the civil rights struggle.

Question 32

How is the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education II
(1955) related to the first Brown ruling in 1954?

A) The newer ruling struck down the earlier decision.
B) The newer ruling ordered implementation of desegregation "with all deliberate speed."
C) The newer ruling extended the ruling to higher education.
D) The newer ruling extended the earlier decision to the states.
E) The two cases are not related in any way.

Question 33

Laws prohibiting people from marrying individuals of a different race were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in

A) Tinker v. .Des Moines.
B) Texas v. Johnson.
C) Murray v. Maryland.
D) Loving v. Virginia.
E) Hamdi v. Rumsfeld.

Question 34

In evaluating claims that a specific law or policy violates the equal protection clause by discriminating against an individual on the basis of gender, the Courts employ

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) low scrutiny.
D) the rational basis test.
E) the Lemon test

Question 35

Under current practice, discrimination on the basis of age would fall under the level of

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) low scrutiny.
D) the rational basis test.
E) the Lemon test

Question 36

In Rostker v. Goldberg, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that despite the service of and casualties suffered by female military personnel in the war zone of Iraq, the government is advancing an important interest in military preparation by limiting mandatory Selective Service registration to males. This is an example of the application of the _____ test.

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) low scrutiny
D) rational basis
E) Lemon

Question 37

In Grutter v. Bollinger, the U.S. Supreme Court approved race-conscious affirmative action programs in admission decisions at public universities, concluding that the advancement of diversity is a compelling government interest. This is an example of the application of the _____ test.

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) low scrutiny
D) rational basis.
E) Lemon

Question 38

Whose refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger sparked a bus boycott and contributed to increasing participation in the civil rights movement?

A) Rosa Parks
B) Shirley Chisholm
C) Barbara Jordan
D) Mary Bethune
E) Susan Anthony

Question 39

All of the following occurred as a direct result of the Montgomery bus boycott, EXCEPT

A) the Montgomery bus system was nearly bankrupted.
B) national attention was focused on the status of blacks in the American South.
C) Martin Luther King Jr. gained national attention.
D) King's strategy of nonviolent civil disobedience was demonstrated to be a success.
E) Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated.

Question 40

Three people who sought to register new African American voters were abducted and murdered in 1964 in

A) Charleston, South Carolina.
B) Atlanta, Georgia.
C) Kansas City, Missouri.
D) Philadelphia, Mississippi.
E) Montgomery, Alabama.

Question 41

James Meredith is most well known as

A) the first president of the NAACP.
B) the first African American to enroll in the University of Mississippi.
C) one of the Little Rock Nine.
D) the victim of a Klan campaign of terror.
E) the lawyer who argued the Brown decision before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Question 42

The "Little Rock Nine" was a(n)

A) group of African American lawyers and activists.
B) group of Arkansas policemen who blocked efforts at desegregation.
C) splinter group from the larger NAACP.
D) anti-war protest movement
E) group of African American students who attempted to enroll in an all-white high school.

Question 43

The American president who sent troops to Arkansas to assist the "Little Rock Nine" in enrolling at the Little Rock Central High School was

A) Harry Truman.
B) Dwight Eisenhower.
C) Richard Nixon.
D) John Kennedy.
E) Lyndon Johnson.

Question 44

The federal statute that effectively attacked literacy tests and other techniques used to prevent African Americans from voting was the

A) 1964 Civil Rights Act.
B) 1965 Voting Rights Act.
C) 1966 Enfranchisement Protection Act.
D) 1968 Just Voting Act.
E) 1969 Voter Protection Act.

Question 45

Which of the following most accurately describes the pathways taken that resulted in the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A) Grassroots mobilization > cultural change > lobbying
B) Cultural change > courts
C) Grassroots mobilization > elections > cultural change
D) Lobbying > elections
E) Elections > lobbying > courts

Question 46

Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits

A) discrimination in public accommodations.
B) discrimination in federal hiring practices.
C) all discrimination by private employers.
D) the use of literacy tests as a requirement for voter registration.
E) discrimination in all of these areas.

Question 47

The provision that requires officials in designated districts to obtain the permission of the U.S. attorney general before making any changes in elections and voting procedures is referred to as the _____ provision.

A) non-discrimination
B) prior restraint
C) good faith
D) preclearance
E) prioritization

Question 48

If a lobbying group wanted to present evidence to support additional policies that it thought should be put in place to negate discrimination in the workplace, which agency would the group contact?

A) The U.S. Equal Opportunity Agency
B) The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
C) The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
D) The U.S. Justice Department
E) The U.S. Anti-Discrimination Agency

Question 49

Which agency within the U.S. government was created in 1964 to handle complaints about employment discrimination?

A) The U.S. Equal Opportunity Agency
B) The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
C) The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
D) The U.S. Justice Department
E) The U.S. Anti-Discrimination Agency

Question 50

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded and led the

A) National Organization for Women.
B) American Female Coalition.
C) Suffrage Organization of the United States.
D) National Woman Suffrage Association.
E) American Women's Association.

Question 51

Women won the right to vote after _______ of organized political action.

A) ten years
B) twenty years
C) fifty years
D) eighty years
E) a century

Question 52

The right to vote was extended to women in the United States by the

A) Twelfth Amendment.
B) Fifteenth Amendment
C) Seventeenth Amendment.
D) Nineteenth Amendment.
E) Twenty-First Amendment.

Question 53

Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment occurred in

A) 1915.
B) 1918.
C) 1920.
D) 1924.
E) 1938.

Question 54

The famous Latino civil rights leader and the founder of the National Farm Workers Association was

A) César Chávez
B) Hector Garcia.
C) John Trasvina.
D) Baldemar Velasquez.
E) Ruben Martinez.

Question 55

Discrimination in the United States

A) is largely a thing of the past.
B) is primarily based on race.
C) continues to be perpetuated by social conditions that are a legacy of past discrimination.
D) has been overcome thanks to effective government action.
E) has been eliminated by the market.

Question 56

In 1996, the Supreme Court blocked Colorado from

A) granting sex-same marriage.
B) passing ordinances that would prohibit gay or lesbian clubs in schools.
C) creating a law that would single out gays and lesbians for adverse treatment.
D) passing antidiscrimination laws to protect gays and lesbians.
E) allowing the Boy Scouts of America to accept gay troop leaders.

Question 57

Because of their relatively small numbers and isolated locations, Native Americans have

A) relied extensively on the grassroots mobilization pathway.
B) not been able to effectively use the grassroots mobilization pathway.
C) been effective at pushing the cultural change pathway.
D) been ineffective at pushing the cultural change pathway.
E) relied exclusively on the electoral pathway.

Question 58

Civil rights issues concern the freedoms and due process accorded to individuals.

Question 59

According to data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanics are less likely than whites and African Americans to complete high school.

Question 60

There were still small numbers of slaves in New York and Connecticut as late as 1827.

Question 61

Before the American Revolution, slavery was limited to the colonies located in the American South.

Question 62

Reconstruction refers to a period after the Civil War in which Union troops occupied the American South.

Question 63

In the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War, African Americans were elected to state legislatures and the U.S. Congress.

Question 64

The presidential election of 1876 effectively ended Reconstruction.

Question 65

The number of African-American men who registered to vote in southern states increased between 1870 and 1890.

Question 66

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments collectively are referred to as the "Civil War Amendments."

Question 67

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Question 68

The NAACP was founded to address racial discrimination.

Question 69

As a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown and subsequent cases, inequality in education has been overcome in the United States.

Question 70

The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 1974 Milliken v. Bradley case limited the ability of lower courts to issue desegregation orders by requiring that all orders only affect students within the boundaries of a single school system.

Question 71

Prohibitions against interracial marriage were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in the decision of Loving v. Virginia.

Question 72

The Supreme Court affords the greatest protection to individuals in cases involving gender.

Question 73

The Supreme Court has rejected all efforts to consider race as a factor in the college admission process.

Question 74

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Luther Lowe in his bid to register where he went to college, not where his parents lived.

Question 75

The strict scrutiny test is reserved for situations involving discrimination on the basis of race, class, or gender.

Question 76

The struggle for civil rights by African Americans relied primarily on the elections and lobbying pathways.

Question 77

Grassroots mobilization, including marches, protests, and boycotts, played an important role in the struggle for civil rights.

Question 78

President Richard Nixon sent the U.S. military to force desegregation of schools in Arkansas.

Question 79

The 1965 Voting Rights Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity in voter registration.

Question 80

The Little Rock Nine were a group of black students who tried to enroll in an all-white school in Arkansas.