Deck 2: Prisons 1800 to the Present

Question 1

The Eastern Penitentiary was characterized by all of the following except

A) silence.
B) solitary confinement.
C) inside cells.
D) separation of inmates.

Answer 1

inside cells.

Question 2

The Auburn system was characterized by all of the following except

A) freedom to converse with others.
B) a large, centralized work area.
C) congregate eating and working.
D) militaristic procession.

Answer 2

freedom to converse with others.

Question 3

The main difference between the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems was that in the Auburn system, inmates

A) remained in solitary confinement.
B) were kept isolated from one another.
C) ate meals in their cells.
D) performed congregate work in shops.

Answer 3

performed congregate work in shops.

Question 4

Multitier living cells usually stacked in tiers were known as

A) the congregate system.
B) cell blocks.
C) inside cells.
D) the Auburn system.

Question 5

What was the main theme common to both the Pennsylvania and Auburn prisons systems?

A) The emphasis on solitary confinement to prevent inmates from contaminating each other
B) The use of inside cells to increase prison security
C) A focus on congregate work
D) The belief in silence as a way to encourage improved inmate behavior

Question 6

Which of the following was not a reason why the Auburn system became the dominant prison design?

A) There were fewer disciplinary problems with inmates in Auburn system prisons.
B) There was less mental illness in Auburn system prisons than in the Pennsylvania model.
C) Auburn system prisons were cheaper to build.
D) The Auburn system generated greater profits.

Question 7

Which of the following was not a characteristic of early 19th century penitentiary system in America?

A) A focus on rehabilitation
B) Rules designed to maintain total control of prisoners
C) An emphasis on discipline
D) The imposition of silence

Question 8

Which was not a reason for the use of degrading prison garb at Auburn and Sing Sing?

A) The increased commercialization of prisons
B) Easy identification of prisoner classification
C) Increased institutionalization of inmates
D) Easy identification of escapees

Question 9

One of the main innovations from Auburn and Eastern State Penitentiary that persist today is

A) the use of total solitary confinement.
B) enforced silence.
C) prison industries.
D) corporal punishment.

Question 10

A period of confinement that has specified minimum and maximum lengths and allows release to be dependent upon rehabilitation is known as a(n)

A) mark system.
B) indeterminate sentence.
C) flat sentence.
D) quantity of labor.

Question 11

Alexander Maconochie showed that

A) rehabilitation is rarely successful.
B) imprisonment can be used to prepare criminals to return to society.
C) inmates should never be in control of their destiny.
D) indeterminate sentencing was destined to fail.

Question 12

The Irish System's program of conditional leave was a precursor to the modern system of

A) determinate sentencing.
B) probation.
C) industrial prisons.
D) parole.

Question 13

Which of the following was not a component of early reformatories?

A) A focus on education
B) Conditional release
C) Degrading clothing for inmates
D) An emphasis on training

Question 14

In which way did the programs at Elmira differ from adult prisons?

A) A greater focus on punishment over rehabilitation
B) Greater religious involvement
C) Increased focus on prison discipline
D) Increased academic education and trade training

Question 15

The two main contributions of the reformatory era to corrections were

A) discipline and punishment.
B) education and vocational training.
C) indeterminate sentencing and parole.
D) rehabilitation and redress.

Question 16

The penitentiary system in the South was virtually wiped out as a result of

A) the effects of the Civil War.
B) clashing penal philosophies.
C) a drop-off in the number of criminals.
D) the reformatory movement.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is not true of the lease system?

A) It made a positive contribution to corrections.
B) It was essentially akin to slavery.
C) It was profitable for the states and those who leased the inmates.
D) It began after the slaves were freed at the end of the Civil War.

Question 18

Lease systems were replaced in southern states by

A) prison factories.
B) contract systems.
C) prison farms.
D) vocational training.

Question 19

Legislators supported industrial prisons after they realized the prisons were

A) reforming convicts.
B) making a profit.
C) not supported by unions.
D) failing miserably.

Question 20

One reason the industrial prison did not last was because

A) reform and rehabilitation were deemed more important.
B) the prisons were not making enough of a profit.
C) the convicts were putting out poor products.
D) it proved to be unfair competition for other businesses.

Question 21

Which of the following was not a result of the opposition to prison industries and the end of the industrial prison?

A) A return to an emphasis on punishment and custody
B) A stronger relationship with organized labor
C) A return to a system of enforced idleness
D) The adoption of more reformatory methods

Question 22

Which of the following was a contribution to corrections made by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons during the period of transition between 1935 and 1960?

A) The elimination of the problem of lock psychosis
B) The development of a new form of industrial prison
C) The development of diagnosis and classification systems
D) The creation of the convict bogey viewpoint

Question 23

Which change in prisons contributed to an increase in riots?

A) The increased use of diagnosis and classification systems
B) The use of professional personnel to help rehabilitate inmates
C) Increased funding for correctional facilities
D) The elimination of prison industry programs

Question 24

How did the turbulence in American society in the 1960s impact prisons?

A) It contributed to renewed focus on the medical model.
B) Inmates engaged in periodic prison riots and other forms of disorder in prisons.
C) The Supreme Court moved away from its focus on individual rights for those involved in the criminal justice system.
D) Efforts at rehabilitation increased in response to increasing rates of crime.

Question 25

Beginning the late 1960s, the nature of demands of inmates engaged in prison riots increasingly began to change to a focus on

A) demands for basic individual rights within prisons.
B) the poor living conditions within prisons.
C) complaints about excessive punishment.
D) concerns about guard brutality targeting inmates.

Question 26

The recent decline in the number of inmates in state prisons since 2009 is attributed to

A) a significant decrease in crime in the United States.
B) a reduction in fear of crime.
C) the financial recession.
D) changes in correctional policy.

Question 27

Which of the following was not a result of the 1980s get tough approach to crime?

A) Rapid expansion of the prison population
B) Increased prison overcrowding
C) Massive jail and prison construction
D) An increase in early-release mechanisms from prison

Question 28

The Walnut Street Jail became the model of the Pennsylvania system.

Question 29

The effects of solitary confinement and enforced idleness were never tested in the Auburn system.

Question 30

Under the Auburn system, it was believed that prisoners would contaminate each other if they spoke to one another.

Question 31

The Pennsylvania system became the dominant prison design because it was cheaper and more profitable for the state.

Question 32

In the early penitentiaries, the imposition of silence was seen as the most important part of the prison discipline program.

Question 33

In early prisons, treadmills were a form of exercise.

Question 34

The length of an indeterminate sentence is not affected by the inmate's behavior while in prison.

Question 35

Maconochie developed the mark system that allowed inmates to earn their freedom by hard work and good behavior.

Question 36

Under the Irish system, a ticket-of-leave was equivalent to a full pardon for the offender.

Question 37

At Elmira Reformatory, Zebulon Brockway focused on reducing recidivism through education programs.

Question 38

The main contributions of the reformatory era were parole and indeterminate sentences.

Question 39

Industrial prisons were institutions owned and run by large businesses.

Question 40

The Hawes-Cooper and Ashurst-Sumners Acts ultimately put an end to the success of industrial prisons.

Question 41

Alcatraz was ultimately closed down because too many high-profile convicts escaped.

Question 42

The elimination of prison industries contributed to increased discontent among inmates and led to riots.

Question 43

The civil rights movement contributed to a change in the demands made by inmates during prison riots.

Question 44

Outside social issues regularly carried over into prisons during the 20th century.

Question 45

The recent decline in the number of state inmates is due to major changes in correctional policy.

Question 46

The ________ system emphasized solitary confinement in outside cells as well as inmate silence and individual labor.

Question 47

The model in which prisoners work and eat together in total silence was known as the ________ system.

Question 48

The final deciding factor in the battle between the Pennsylvania and Auburn system was ________.

Question 49

The ________ formation involved lines of inmates marching with hands on shoulders.

Question 50

________ confinement was also known as a "prison within a prison."

Question 51

With an indeterminate sentence, the inmate is released when ________ has been achieved.

Question 52

The idea of conditional liberty is today commonly known as ________.

Question 53

The ________ system involved private contractors hiring inmates to perform work details.

Question 54

The Ashurst-Sumners Act essentially stopped the ________ transport of prison products.

Question 55

The U.S. Bureau of ________ became the national leader in corrections in the 20th century.

Question 56

The 1960s marked the beginning of the ________ era of corrections.

Question 57

A correctional overseer who investigates complaints is a(n) ________.

Question 58

Match the reformist with one of his greatest contributions .

-Penitentiary system

A) Conditional pardon
B) Education
C) Mark system
D) Discipline

Question 59

Match the reformist with one of his greatest contributions .

-Pennsylvania system

A) Conditional pardon
B) Education
C) Mark system
D) Discipline

Question 60

Match the reformist with one of his greatest contributions .

-Auburn system

A) Conditional pardon
B) Education
C) Mark system
D) Discipline

Question 61

Match the reformist with one of his greatest contributions .

-Irish System

A) Conditional pardon
B) Education
C) Mark system
D) Discipline

Question 62

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Elam Lynds

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 63

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Captain Alexander Maconochie

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 64

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Sir Walter Crofton

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 65

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Zebulon Brockway

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 66

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Mark system

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 67

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Indeterminate sentence

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 68

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Irish system

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 69

Match the concept with its correct definition .

-Lease system

A) An idea that an inmate can earn release after achieving rehabilitation
B) A system in which a convict could earn points for hard work and good behavior
C) A prison management system in which inmates could earn conditional pardons
D) The hiring of inmates for work by private contractors

Question 70

Why did the Auburn system became the dominant prison design?

Question 71

What were the key principles of Maconochie's system and how did his system influence the Irish System?

Question 72

What are some of the standards that Brockway insisted upon at his reformatory in Elmira, New York?

Question 73

Discuss the effect of the industrial prison throughout its evolution.

Question 74

What were some of the reasons given for the increased number of riots during the correctional period of transition from 1935 to 1960?

Question 75

What is the role of an ombudsman?

Question 76

How have the rules and systems developed in early prisons continued to influence corrections today?

Question 77

Why is an ombudsman necessary in a prison?

Question 78

Why is reform desperately needed in corrections today, at the start of the 21st century, and why?

Question 79

How can reformists ultimately affect the field of corrections, even if their ideas do not immediately take off?