Deck 3: Correctional Ideologies: the Pendulum Swings

Question 1

Which of the following is not a primary correctional ideology?

A) Prevention
B) Rehabilitation
C) Punishment
D) Deterrence

Answer 1

Deterrence

Question 2

A ________ ideology involves applying painful sanctions to offenders, who are seen as enemies of society.

A) prevention
B) rehabilitation
C) punishment
D) deterrence

Answer 2

punishment

Question 3

The concept of just deserts in sentencing reflects the ________ philosophy.

A) incapacitation
B) deterrence
C) retribution
D) penitence

Answer 3

retribution

Question 4

The belief that guilt must be washed away through the suffering of the offender was Heinrich Oppenheimer's ________ view of punishment.

A) aesthetic
B) expiatory
C) theological
D) utilitarian

Question 5

Which of Oppenheimer's views of punishment sought a sense of harmony and peace?

A) Aesthetic
B) Expiatory
C) Theological
D) Utilitarian

Question 6

Because you know that your state imposes the death penalty for murder, you decide not to commit this crime. This is an example of

A) specific deterrence.
B) general deterrence.
C) stigma of conviction.
D) guilt.

Question 7

The imposition of a life sentence is an example of

A) the aesthetic view of punishment.
B) recidivism.
C) the stigma of conviction.
D) incapacitation.

Question 8

Returning to criminal behavior after being released from prison is known as

A) incapacitation.
B) recidivism.
C) double jeopardy.
D) disablement.

Question 9

Which of the following statements describes a problem with the implementation of selective incarceration?

A) There is not enough room in the nation's already overcrowded and understaffed prisons.
B) Many individuals end up returning to committing crimes after being released.
C) Very high-risk offenders often are released inadvertently.
D) It is difficult to correctly identify those who should be incarcerated.

Question 10

Punishment would probably work best for which of the following individuals?

A) A drug addict who is actively using and was arrested for petty larceny
B) A high school teacher who had a relationship with a 16-year-old student
C) A sociopath who has been treated for mental illness for much of his adult life
D) A teenager who has been neglected and abused for much of his life

Question 11

Changes in modern social attitudes about punishment has led to a focus on

A) incarceration.
B) probation.
C) intermediate sanctions.
D) rehabilitation.

Question 12

The rehabilitation model

A) focuses on changing the offender's behavior through treatment and services.
B) is analogous to a medical approach.
C) is the primary focus of corrections today.
D) involves removing criminal behavior.

Question 13

An offender diagnosed with schizophrenia would most likely fall into which treatment doctrine within the rehabilitation ideology?

A) The educational doctrine
B) The medical model
C) The indeterminate sentence
D) The reintegration model

Question 14

According to the reintegration model, the main cause of crime is

A) a lack of vocational and occupational skills.
B) the community.
C) within the individual offender.
D) a lack of strong religious beliefs.

Question 15

According to the current prevention ideology, crime prevention programs designed to steer potential delinquents away from a life of crime begin

A) with parenting classes.
B) at work.
C) in school.
D) with a juvenile's first offense.

Question 16

In addition to the individual, a key focus of prevention programs is

A) the family.
B) the environment.
C) prisons.
D) schools.

Question 17

Sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that crime is

A) inevitable.
B) essential.
C) avoidable.
D) situational.

Question 18

Community corrections combines the prevention ideology with

A) punishment.
B) retribution.
C) treatment.
D) just deserts.

Question 19

Minimizing offender processing through the justice system by providing services outside of the system is known as

A) restorative justice.
B) recidivism.
C) just deserts.
D) diversion.

Question 20

In the last three decades of the 20th century, society turned to the ________ ideology.

A) punishment
B) rehabilitation
C) prevention
D) restorative justice

Question 21

Restorative justice is different from other methods of correction in that it works to

A) incapacitate criminals in order to help their victims recover faster.
B) punish the criminals in accordance with victims' wishes.
C) repair the damage that has been done to both victims and criminals.
D) build lasting relationships between offenders and their victims.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about restorative justice is false?

A) It provides more services for victims.
B) It builds community connections.
C) It repairs past damages done.
D) It keeps offenders out of the process.

Question 23

According to research on corrections,

A) community-based corrections are less effective than incarceration.
B) the majority of offenders are mentally ill and require treatment.
C) most offenders do not need to be incarcerated.
D) long sentences enhance rehabilitation.

Question 24

Which of the following is not an important development in corrections that has occurred since the 1980s?

A) A shift to determinate sentencing
B) A focus on intermediate sanctions
C) The development of restorative justice
D) A renewed focus on the medical model

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding the state of corrections in the United States at the start of the 21st century is true?

A) The majority of states are increasingly focusing on indeterminate sentencing and the use of discretionary parole release mechanisms.
B) The reemergence of a more community-based, rehabilitative approach to criminals has reduced the problem of prison overcrowding.
C) States are embracing the federal truth-in-sentencing standard.
D) Mandatory add-ons to sentences are being eliminated.

Question 26

The three categories of correctional ideologies rarely overlap.

Question 27

The just deserts movement reflects the retribution philosophy of corrections.

Question 28

Imposing a punishment on an offender to stop him from committing future crimes is the focus of specific deterrence.

Question 29

The theory of disablement emphasizes general deterrence.

Question 30

Selective incapacitation is considered to be an effective crime prevention strategy.

Question 31

Under a punishment ideology, positive behaviors by offenders in prison are often overlooked.

Question 32

Punishment is equally effective in correcting the behavior of all types of offenders.

Question 33

The perception of the offender has no impact on the significance and effectiveness of punishment.

Question 34

Intermediate sanctions are alternatives that help with the problems of prison overcrowding.

Question 35

Rehabilitation programs are always less punitive and restrictive than those based on other ideologies.

Question 36

The medical model of rehabilitation holds that offenders should be hospitalized instead of incarcerated.

Question 37

A treatment program emphasizing job training is based on the reintegration model.

Question 38

In community corrections, the prevention ideology is combined with some type of punishment.

Question 39

Diversion programs may help prevent the development of criminal careers.

Question 40

The social preference for a punishment ideology in the late 20th century was fueled by increasing crime rates.

Question 41

The restorative justice ideology considers the victim's perspective to be central in determining how to repair the harm caused by crime.

Question 42

Restorative justice emphasizes that crime control is achieved through the work of the criminal justice system.

Question 43

Determinate sentencing allows for early release on parole.

Question 44

The increased focus on retribution has reduced the overcrowding problem in prisons.

Question 45

A systematic body of concepts, especially about human life or culture, is a(n) ________.

Question 46

Heinrich Oppenheimer's belief that retaliation fulfills a religious mission to punish a criminal is the ________ view of punishment.

Question 47

The incapacitation of offenders is also known as the theory of ________.

Question 48

The purpose of incapacitation is to prevent ________.

Question 49

________ sanctions are alternatives to probation and imprisonment that promise relief from the pressures of prison overcrowding.

Question 50

Restoring an individual to a better level of social functioning through treatment is known as ________.

Question 51

The belief that offenders are individuals who lack education, training, and discipline is the basis of the ________ movement.

Question 52

In the ________ model of rehabilitation, the community is seen as the primary cause of criminal behavior.

Question 53

________ corrections combines the prevention ideology with treatment.

Question 54

A combination of rehabilitation and ________ ideologies is believed to be the most humane practice in corrections.

Question 55

Laws that follow the belief that offenders must be given lengthy terms of incarceration while minimizing the use of community resources are known as ________ laws.

Question 56

The correctional ideology that intends for an offender to make reparations to the damage that he or she has caused is called ________ justice.

Question 57

A fixed term of incarceration ordered by a judge is called ________ sentencing.

Question 58

________ laws require offenders to serve at least 85 percent of their sentence in prison before being eligible for release.

Question 59

Match the theory of punishment with its definition .

-Rehabilitation ideology

A) Guilt must be washed away through suffering
B) Retaliation fulfills a religious mission to punish the criminal
C) Punishment is a way to achieve beneficial and social consequences
D) Punishment resolves the social discord created by the offense

Question 60

Match the theory of punishment with its definition .

-Punishment ideology

A) Guilt must be washed away through suffering
B) Retaliation fulfills a religious mission to punish the criminal
C) Punishment is a way to achieve beneficial and social consequences
D) Punishment resolves the social discord created by the offense

Question 61

Match the theory of punishment with its definition .

-Prevention ideology

A) Guilt must be washed away through suffering
B) Retaliation fulfills a religious mission to punish the criminal
C) Punishment is a way to achieve beneficial and social consequences
D) Punishment resolves the social discord created by the offense

Question 62

Match the theory of punishment with its definition .

-Correctional ideology

A) Guilt must be washed away through suffering
B) Retaliation fulfills a religious mission to punish the criminal
C) Punishment is a way to achieve beneficial and social consequences
D) Punishment resolves the social discord created by the offense

Question 63

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Expiatory view

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 64

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Theological view

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 65

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Aesthetic view

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 66

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Utilitarian view

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 67

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Reformatory movement

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 68

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Educational doctrine

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 69

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Medical model

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 70

Match the movement or model to its definition .

-Reintegration model

A) The causes of crime lie within the individual
B) Crimes are caused by the community
C) A crime prevention program emphasizing the development of vocational and occupational skills and the internalization of controls
D) Offenders are seen as unfortunate persons whose education, discipline, and training are inadequate

Question 71

Briefly describe and differentiate between each of the three main correctional ideologies.

Question 72

Explain the concept of a deterrent effect and differentiate between general and specific deterrence.

Question 73

Explain how the stigma of conviction can actually cause individuals to return to a life of crime.

Question 74

Explain why the application of punishment in a correctional institution frequently has negative results for both offenders and correctional personnel.

Question 75

Explain the difference between indeterminate and determinate sentencing.

Question 76

Explain the basic philosophy of balanced and restorative justice.

Question 77

Why is it important to apply ideologies to corrections?

Question 78

Why do ideologies shift and change over time?

Question 79

How could the concept of selective incapacitation be successful in a time when prison populations are excessively high?

Question 80

Discuss the implications of the failure of the United States to ultimately establish and maintain a correctional ideology that is successful.