Deck 6: Gender Identities

Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Gender is attributes that are culturally assigned based on sexual characteristics.
B) Gender is the same as a person's biological sex.
C) Gender is not found in every human society.
D)Gender is based on culture and is not related to biological or sexual characteristics.

Answer 1

Gender is attributes that are culturally assigned based on sexual characteristics.

Question 2

When one gender is valued more highly than another it is known as:

A) gender asymmetry.
B) gender sexuality.
C) sexual exploitation.
D) sexual subordination.

Answer 2

gender asymmetry.

Question 3

During what time period did the anthropology of women (feminist anthropology) first emerge formally as a specific focus for researchers?

A) 1980s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1920s

Answer 3

1970s

Question 4

What do anthropologists mean when they say that gender is a cultural construction?

A) It is created entirely by culture and is not affected by biology in any way.
B) It is a social fiction and does not exist.
C) It shapes men and women into socially acceptable roles.
D)It is something that is culturally universal, meaning that every culture uses the same categories.

Question 5

Which anthropologist worked as a pioneer in gender studies comparing three different cultural groups in New Guinea?

A) Ruth Benedict
B) Margaret Mead
C) Franz Boas
D) Bronislaw Malinowski

Question 6

Anthropologist Anna Meigs found that among the Hua of Papua New Guinea gender:

A) shifts and changes throughout life based not only on genitalia but also a person's activities and involvements.
B) is marked but does not play an important role in how they define individuals.
C) changes and switches from birth to death with every individual being able to fulfill the characteristics of both male and female equally.
D) is based entirely on a person's genitalia and is strictly interpreted.

Question 7

Which of the following is the least important variable affecting the sexual division of labor?

A) Biology
B) Kinship
C) Mode of production
D) Cultural tradition

Question 8

Which of the following statements about Chinese footbinding is not true?

A) Footbinding ended as a cultural practice after the founding of the PRC (People's Republic of China).
B) Among the elite Chinese during the Imperial Era footbinding signified a cultivated, refined lifestyle.
C) Footbinding was practiced during certain historical periods on both women and men, depending on the class.
D)The middle peasant groups copied the elite practice of footbinding in order to emulate this group.

Question 9

For elite women in the era right before modernization, what was the prerequisite for a proper marriage?

A) Tattooing
B) Elaborate bridewealth
C) Elongated necks
D) Bound feet

Question 10

The area of life focused on reproduction, family, and household is called the:

A) class system.
B) domestic domain.
C) nuclear family.
D) reproductive arena.

Question 11

Each of the following are arguments made by Sherry Ortner to explain what she perceived as the universal subordination of women except:

A)Women are more closely associated with nature than men because of their bodies and reproductive roles.
B)Women became subordinated following colonization, and this is the result of a woman's place in a state society.
C)Women are more closely related with the domestic sphere and not with relations outside the family.
D) women have a natural bond with their children, and this places them more closely in the domain of nature.

Question 12

Among the San prior to the 1960s, women contributed as much as 80% of the daily food intake. This type of society has been labeled:

A) informal power balance.
B) matriarchal.
C) gender stratified.
D) gender egalitarian.

Question 13

What is the weakness of measuring gender inequality by means of status indicators?

A)It does not take into account class differences that may occur within stratified societies.
B)It does not allow the researcher to measure things that are not included as a norm.
C) Because it involves numbers, there is a very high margin of error.
D)People do not participate as freely in the collection of survey information as they do for interviews.

Question 14

Having male offspring within a patriarchal society or working to influence men on women's behalf is referred to as:

A) influential power.
B) informal power.
C) nonstratified power.
D) formal power.

Question 15

Which of the following is an historically nomadic patriarchal group?

A) Bedouin
B) !Kung San
C) Imperial China
D) Hua

Question 16

A gender ideology is:

A) social stratification in which the differentiation of gender is minimized so that there is a possibility of gender egalitarianism.
B) a form of coercive power that creates gender asymmetry in every society similarly.
C) a belief system in which gender plays the central and most important role in every social norm and practice.
D)A system of shared ideas and symbols that justify and authenticate a particular gender system.

Question 17

Priyayi values among the Javanese maintain that __________ can taint and lower the status of men.

A) childcare
B) handling dead bodies
C) menstrual blood
D) money

Question 18

What practice do we find among the pre-modern Bedouin as a way of publicly marking women's gender?

A) Veiling
B) Footbinding
C) Public use of money
D) Tattooing

Question 19

In what contexts might we expect more than one gender ideology to be present in a society?

A) Only in agrarian class societies
B) In stratified societies only
C) In any cultural context
D) Only in nomadic groups that have recently undergone colonization

Question 20

Masculinity and femininity are forms of:

A) sexual egalitarianism.
B) gender identity
C) gender asymmetry.
D) informal power.

Question 21

What form of gender oppression has emerged recently due to new technologies?

A) Cyber-bullying
B) Bride burning
C) Veiling
D) Footbinding

Question 22

Which of the following terms most accurately means an individual who has ambiguous genitalia or both male and female genitalia?

A) Intersex
B) Transsexual
C) Transgender
D) Cross-dresser

Question 23

Cross-culturally and historically most gender variant individuals are:

A) transgender.
B) heterosexual.
C) homosexual.
D) transsexual.

Question 24

The hijras of India are most commonly examples of which gender variant?

A) Intersexuals
B) Females
C) Males
D) Third gender

Question 25

Which of the following regarding hijras is not correct?

A)Most have their external male genitalia removed as an act of devotion to a deity.
B) They most commonly identify as highly sexed males.
C) They are frequently seen as marginalized individuals today in India.
D) They have different and varied gender expressions and live as neither males nor females.

Question 26

We'wha:

A)Was born as a Zuni male in 1849, but she lived as a woman and excelled at women's arts.
B) was the last surviving Chinese woman with crippled and bound feet; she died in 1943.
C) is a two-spirit goddess figure among the Cherokee whose cult has recently become popular.
D) is a form of prolonged gender oppression and subordination practiced among the Bedouin.

Question 27

Cross-dressers are typically:

A) both male and female homosexuals.
B) intersexed individuals.
C) heterosexual men.
D) homosexual men.

Question 28

All of the following statements about transgender are true except it:

A) refers to individuals who have both male and female genitalia and no clear sense of gender.
B) came into widespread use in the 1990s.
C) refers to individuals who go beyond their previously assigned gender norms.
D) may involve individuals who have had surgical or hormonal procedures.

Question 29

Over the last 20 years, the emerging preference among transgender individuals in the U.S. is to:

A)Undergo surgical procedures that allow the individual to fully identify as man or woman.
B) use hormonal therapy as a way of maintaining a coherent gender identity.
C)Become homosexual and participate fully in the life of the male or female community.
D) deny and repress the desire to change genders.

Question 30

Which of the following countries has the most legal open policy at determining (or declaring) gender?

A) Australia
B) Canada
C) Thailand
D) United States

Question 31

Gender creates a significant barrier in some societies.

Question 32

Gender was not a significant category of analysis in anthropology before the 1970s.

Question 33

The sexual division of labor is based solely on an individual's biological potential.

Question 34

Margaret Mead documented differing gender patterns in her study of three tribes in New Guinea.

Question 35

Scholars agree that women are universally subordinated.

Question 36

Sherry Ortner stressed that women's subordinated position was a cultural product.

Question 37

Women can serve as clan leaders within a patriarchy.

Question 38

U.S. middle class women have felt the effects of gender ideology.

Question 39

Bedouin women can resist arranged marriages.

Question 40

All societies have a gender binary.

Question 41

Gender expression can shift rapidly in response to changing social trends.

Question 42

Two-spirit is a term used for all indigenous societies.

Question 43

Transgenders are individuals who are in the process of both surgical and hormonal gender reassignment.

Question 44

Most nations today only recognize two genders.

Question 45

Tombois in Indonesia are transsexual women.

Question 46

?Define gender.

Question 47

What is the sexual division of labor, and how might it originate in society?

Question 48

​Distinguish between a gender binary and a system of multiple genders.

Question 49

​What is a two-spirit? Give an example.

Question 50

​What roles does gender play in social inequality?

Question 51

Compare the gendered cultural practices of pre-modern China and the Bedouins. What were women's roles in each society, and how were women's bodies marked to reflect this? Do you believe we have any similar ways of marking gender today in our society? Explain and use examples.

Question 52

How does a society of multiple gender systems differ from one with a strict gender binary? Give examples and discuss the potential impacts of these two different cultural constructions.