Deck 26: The Bodys Control Mechanisms and Immunity

Question 1

The maintenance of a constant internal environment is

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) homeostasis.
D) positive regulation.

Answer 1

homeostasis.

Question 2

Which of the following is typical of an endocrine gland?

A) It secretes into a duct.
B) It produces enzymes for digestion.
C) It usually secretes its products into the circulatory system.
D) It increases the metabolic rate.

Answer 2

It usually secretes its products into the circulatory system.

Question 3

Which is the normal direction in which the nerve impulse flows?

A) axon-soma-dendrite
B) dendrite-soma-axon
C) soma-dendrite-axon
D) dendrite-synapse-axon

Answer 3

dendrite-soma-axon

Question 4

In which of the following ways are the nervous and endocrine systems similar?

A) Both contain cells that carry impulses.
B) Both secrete molecules that attach to other cells.
C) Both typically are fast acting.
D) Both typically use the circulatory system to transport molecules.

Question 5

Motor neurons

A) send messages to the brain.
B) are part of the sensory nervous system.
C) normally receive messages from sense organs.
D) are normally considered part of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 6

A neuron and a nerve differ in that

A) nerves are bundles of fibers and neurons are single cells.
B) neurons carry impulses and nerves do not.
C) neurons are found in the peripheral nervous system only.
D) nerves are attached to neurons.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs during a nerve impulse?

A) Sodium ions flow out of the cell.
B) Sodium ions flow into the cell.
C) Potassium ions are pumped into the cell.
D) Potassium ions are pumped out of the cell.

Question 8

The voltage of 70 millivolts that exists across the nerve cell membrane is caused by the

A) depolarization of the cell membrane.
B) active transport of sodium ions out of the cell.
C) diffusion of potassium ions into the cell.
D) acetylcholine binding to the dendrite.

Question 9

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs because

A) sodium is not being pumped out of the cell.
B) there is a reverse of polarity due to an increase in the amount of potassium in the cell.
C) the permeability of the membrane changes and allows sodium ions to flow into the cell by diffusion.
D) sodium ions are actively pumped into the cell.

Question 10

The nerve impulse moves along the neuron because

A) a current flows along the cell.
B) sodium ions flow from one end of the cell to the other.
C) there is a high concentration of sodium ions at one end of the cell and a high concentration of potassium ions at the other end of the cell.
D) depolarization of one portion of the nerve cell membrane changes the permeability of the adjacent portion of the membrane, allowing it to depolarize as well.

Question 11

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?

A) sodium ions
B) cholinesterase
C) synapse
D) acetylcholine

Question 12

A synapse is

A) part of a neuron.
B) a space between neurons.
C) an enzyme.
D) only found in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 13

Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine

A) are manufactured in the synapse.
B) permanently attach to neuronal membranes.
C) are always present in the synapse.
D) stimulate neurons.

Question 14

Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine

A) are released from axons.
B) travel from dendrite to axon.
C) are released from dendrites.
D) travel from the soma to the dendrites.

Question 15

The nervous system is most similar to which of the following?

A) a radio broadcast system
B) a motor
C) a computer
D) a chemical reaction

Question 16

Which of the following is true for the brain?

A) All parts of the brain are the same in terms of the kinds of neurotransmitters that are used to store information.
B) Several kinds of neurotransmitters are used to store information.
C) Different parts of the brain are sensitive to different neurotransmitters.
D) Neurotransmitters are distributed to various parts of the brain.

Question 17

Hormones

A) bind to specific sensitive cells called target cells.
B) are produced only by the brain.
C) are required in high concentrations to have any effect.
D) are only able to diffuse short distances from where they are produced.

Question 18

The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the endocrine system can

A) cause changes in behavior.
B) cause changes in growth.
C) only cause long-term changes in the functioning of an organism.
D) stimulate the nervous system, but the nervous system cannot stimulate the endocrine system.

Question 19

Which of the following endocrine glands produces the largest number of different kinds of hormones?

A) the pancreas
B) the testes
C) the thyroid
D) the pituitary

Question 20

Negative-feedback control involves which of the following?

A) The product of a gland stimulates the gland to produce more product.
B) The product of gland A stimulates gland B to produce its hormone, which inhibits gland A
C) The hormone produced by gland A stimulates gland B
D) The hormone produced by gland A stimulates gland B to produce its hormone, which stimulates gland A

Question 21

The brain directly regulates the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) ovaries.
C) thyroid.
D) pancreas.

Question 22

Responses that are the result of hormones generally require

A) large quantities of hormones to be produced.
B) brief episodes of hormone release.
C) that hormones be released in small quantities over a period of time.
D) cells to increase their sensitivity to nervous stimulation.

Question 23

Endocrine function typically involves

A) coordinated activity of several hormones.
B) single hormones responding to nervous stimulation.
C) hormones being used in the immediate vicinity of their place of production.
D) gland cells being transported to where they are needed.

Question 24

Egg-laying in birds is under the control of

A) the endocrine system.
B) the nervous system.
C) both the nervous system and the endocrine system.
D) neither the nervous system nor the endocrine system.

Question 25

The behavior of animals is under the control of

A) the endocrine system.
B) the nervous system.
C) both the nervous system and the endocrine system.
D) neither the nervous system nor the endocrine system.

Question 26

Sense organs

A) are responsible for perception.
B) detect stimuli.
C) change the activity of the endocrine system.
D) only respond to electrical changes.

Question 27

Which of the following senses involves molecules binding to a receptor surface?

A) sight
B) hearing
C) touch
D) smell

Question 28

The taste known as sour is caused by

A) the presence of hydrogen ions.
B) hot materials.
C) sugars.
D) any kind of ions.

Question 29

Which of the following is not involved in the "taste" of food?

A) temperature
B) texture
C) color
D) chemical composition

Question 30

The sense of smell

A) can respond to very low concentrations of molecules.
B) requires a long time before odors can be perceived.
C) responds to four basic shapes of molecules.
D) fatigues very slowly.

Question 31

The most sensitive portion of the retina of the eye is known as the

A) cones.
B) fovea centralis.
C) optic nerve.
D) rhodopsin.

Question 32

Rods differ from cones in that

A) cones are more sensitive.
B) rods respond to a broad spectrum of light wavelengths.
C) cones are widely dispersed in the retina.
D) rods are concentrated in the fovea centralis.

Question 33

Colors are more difficult to see at low light levels because

A) rods require high light levels to function.
B) there is no color to light when it is at low light levels.
C) cones do not function at low light levels.
D) cones do not respond to different wavelengths of light.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a bone?

A) malleus
B) incus
C) stapes
D) tympanum

Question 35

The pitch of sound is determined by the

A) number of sound waves.
B) frequency of sound waves.
C) intensity of sound waves.
D) size of sound waves.

Question 36

Low-pitched, long-wavelength sounds are distinguished by stimulating

A) the basilar membrane far from the base.
B) the semicircular canals.
C) the basilar membrane more vigorously.
D) only the vertical semicircular canals.

Question 37

The sense of touch

A) is evenly distributed over the surface of the body.
B) consists of very few receptor cells in very specific places, like the tips of the fingers.
C) is relatively unimportant.
D) includes pressure, temperature, and pain receptors.

Question 38

Which of the following kinds of receptors would be most useful in allowing coordinated movement of an animal?

A) sound receptors
B) touch receptors in the skin
C) pain receptors
D) pressure receptors in joints and muscles

Question 39

Muscles are in antagonistic sets because

A) muscles cannot lengthen by themselves.
B) muscles push but cannot pull.
C) they do not like one another.
D) there is an increase in metabolic efficiency if they are present in antagonistic sets.

Question 40

Which of the following is true for actin?

A) Portions of the actin molecule bend and move along myosin molecules.
B) Actin binds to myosin.
C) Actin uses up calcium ions.
D) Actin conducts the nerve impulse to the muscle cell.

Question 41

Calcium ions are involved in muscle contraction by

A) manufacturing ATP.
B) causing the muscle cell to depolarize.
C) binding to the troponin-tropomyosin complex and exposing actin.
D) repairing the damage done during contraction.

Question 42

Muscle cells shorten because

A) they get bigger in diameter.
B) sodium ions flow along the surface of the actin molecule.
C) myosin molecules shorten.
D) actin molecules slide by myosin molecules.

Question 43

Which of the following muscles is under voluntary control?

A) uterus
B) intestine
C) heart
D) biceps

Question 44

In a muscle organ like the biceps muscle,

A) the entire muscle is stimulated at the same time.
B) several nerve fibers enter the muscle and each stimulates specific muscle cells.
C) several nerve fibers enter the muscle, but each fiber stimulates most of the cells in the muscle.
D) there are two or three motor units.

Question 45

Smooth muscle

A) can stay contracted for long periods of time.
B) responds quickly to nervous stimulation.
C) is present in specific parts of the body like the muscles of the back.
D) does not respond to hormones.

Question 46

Skeletal muscle

A) is involuntary.
B) is voluntary.
C) is able to stay contracted for long periods of time even if no additional nervous stimulation is received.
D) immediately lengthens following contraction.

Question 47

Cardiac muscle

A) does not respond to nervous stimulation.
B) contracts slowly when it is stimulated.
C) cannot stay contracted.
D) is the same as skeletal muscle.

Question 48

The secretions of exocrine glands

A) directly enter the circulatory system.
B) are stimulated by nerve cells.
C) are always emptied onto the body surface.
D) are rarely under hormonal control.

Question 49

Growth of tissues is typically controlled by

A) the presence of specific hormones.
B) frequent stimulation by nerves.
C) It is not controlled, it just happens.
D) the presence of any kind of hormone molecule.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of the sensory system?

A) Sense organs interpret the information received.
B) Sense organs respond to hormonal stimulation.
C) Cells in sense organs depolarize and stimulate neurons.
D) Neurons send messages to sensory cells, to which the sensory cells respond.

Question 51

Which of the following rows correctly identifies the structures of a nerve cell?

A) Row 1
B) Row 2
C) Row 3
D) Row 4

Question 52

The ____ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and the ____ nervous system consists of nerves.

A) sensory; motor
B) central; peripheral
C) peripheral; sensory
D) sensory; central

Question 53

A resting neuron

A) has a positive charge inside and negative charge outside.
B) has a negative charge inside and a positive charge outside.
C) is positively charged at the dendrites and negatively charged at the axon.
D) is nonpolar.

Question 54

The space between the axon of one neuron and dendrite of the next is called the

A) soma.
B) nerve.
C) synapse.
D) neurotransmitter.

Question 55

Communication between neurons is achieved by

A) hormones.
B) electricity.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) depolarizing the synapse.

Question 56

Hormone messages are received by

A) neurotransmitters.
B) receptor molecules on target cells.
C) dendrites.
D) all body cells.

Question 57

Acetylcholine is a

A) neurotransmitter.
B) hormone.
C) synthetic drug.
D) pigment.

Question 58

The fovea centralis has the highest concentration of

A) rhodopsin.
B) cones.
C) night vision receptors.
D) rods.

Question 59

Pitch is determined by

A) frequency of the sound vibrations.
B) intensity of sound.
C) volume of sound.
D) duration of sound.

Question 60

____ is an exocrine gland.

A) The kidney
B) The thyroid
C) An ovary
D) The pancreas

Question 61

Balance is maintained by

A) the tympanum.
B) ear bones.
C) semicircular canals.
D) the auditory tube.

Question 62

Skeletal muscle contractions are under the control of

A) exocrine glands.
B) the endocrine system.
C) the endocrine and exocrine systems.
D) the nervous system.

Question 63

Thick protein filaments in muscle contain

A) actin.
B) malleus.
C) axon.
D) myosin.

Question 64

Muscle contractions are partially regulated by

A) the tympanum.
B) triiodothyronine.
C) tropomyosin.
D) thyroxine.

Question 65

The ____ is not part of the middle ear.

A) incus
B) soma
C) stapes
D) malleus

Question 66

When the nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, it stimulates the release of a chemical that stimulates depolarization of the next neuron in the chain. This chemical is

A) acetylcholine.
B) acetylcholinesterase.
C) thyroxine.
D) estrogen.

Question 67

The part of the brain that controls automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate is the

A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) spinal cord.
D) medulla oblongata.

Question 68

________________ is released from the posterior pituitary gland, acts slowly, and regulates the rate at which the body loses water through the kidneys.

A) Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Antidiuretic hormone
D) Testosterone

Question 69

When __________ is uncovered and myosin can bind to it, contraction of a muscle can occur when ATP is utilized.

A) actin
B) myosin
C) tropomyosin
D) troponin

Question 70

The hormone _________, which is released from the posterior pituitary, causes strong contractions of the uterus during labor and birth.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) oxytocin

Question 71

The taste referred to as "meaty" is caused by

A) the presence of the amino acid, glutamate.
B) alkaline substances.
C) sugars.
D) any kind of ions.

Question 72

In a case of positive feedback, an increase in the stimulus causes ______ in the response and does not result in homeostasis.

A) a slight decrease
B) an increase
C) no change
D) a large decrease

Question 73

Which is NOT a nonspecific defense mechanism?

A) inflammation
B) interferons
C) sneezing
D) B-cell immunity

Question 74

Increased temperature, swelling, redness, and pain are the generalized symptoms of

A) anaphylactic shock.
B) the release of antigens.
C) specific defense mechanism.
D) inflammation.

Question 75

This class of antibodies is responsible for many allergies and may help protect against parasitic worm infections.

A) I_gG
B) I_gC
C) I_gE
D) I_gD

Question 76

This class of antibodies is first to appear after infection, activates complement, and causes cells to clump, encouraging phagocytosis.

A) I_gG
B) I_gM
C) I_gE
D) I_gD

Question 77

This is the technique used to induce the immune system to develop an acquired immunity to a specific disease.

A) immunization
B) vaccine
C) cell mediated immunity
D) antigen presentation technique

Question 78

To activate T-cells, the antigen must be shown to these cells by other cells called

A) neutrophils.
B) basophils.
C) antigen-presenting cell (APCs).
D) B-cells.

Question 79

These cells are responsible for producing antibody molecules.

A) neutrophils
B) basophils
C) antigen-presenting cell (APCs)
D) B-cells

Question 80

After activation, these cells have the ability to move toward an enemy cell, press up against its surface, and make holes in it.

A) cytotoxic T-cells
B) T-regulator cells
C) antigen-presenting cell (APCs)
D) B-cells