Deck 4: Victims and Victimization

Question 1

What is one key advantage of the General Social Survey?

A) It helps police track released offenders.
B) It helps determine if laws are strict enough.
C) It helps count crimes not reported to police.
D) It creates jobs for criminology researchers.

Answer 1

It helps count crimes not reported to police.

Question 2

What is the correct term for the study of victims?

A) victimology
B) radical criminology
C) feminist criminology
D) neocriminology

Answer 2

victimology

Question 3

According to the 2009 General Social Survey, what type of victimization incident was most common?

A) violent crime
B) household crimes
C) personal property crimes
D) theft

Answer 3

household crimes

Question 4

According to the Insurance Board of Canada, what percentage of property crime each year can be attributed to auto theft?

A) 3
B) 13
C) 53
D) 73

Question 5

In which country is the annual cost of crime highest, when measured on a cost per person basis?

A) United States
B) Canada
C) Australia
D) England and Wales

Question 6

What is an example of an indirect cost of criminal victimization?

A) property loss
B) police bills
C) productivity loss
D) long-term psychological pain and suffering

Question 7

What type of crime is defined as an "agreement between two parties"?

A) assault crimes
B) victimless crimes
C) crimes against the person
D) sexual assault

Question 8

When are media most likely to report murders?

A) when the victim is known by the perpetrator
B) when the victim is unknown by the perpetrator
C) when the victim is a rich person
D) when the victim is a spouse of the murderer

Question 9

Which action is most likely to affect an individual's fear of crime according to Walter Dekeseredy's research?

A) cleaning up graffiti
B) convicting a murder
C) speaking with a police officer
D) seeing police officers conducting a neighbourhood patrol

Question 10

Despite media portrayals, which type of person are most murders usually committed by?

A) persistent offenders
B) women
C) someone known to the victim
D) men over the age of 40

Question 11

What did Cathy Spatz Widom find was a significant predictor of future criminality?

A) mental illness
B) skipping school
C) owning a handgun at an early age
D) child maltreatment

Question 12

What does Cathy Spatz Widom call the phenomenon in which child victims later become adult criminals?

A) masculinity hypothesis
B) abusive spiral
C) recursive wave
D) cycle of violence

Question 13

Young males are more likely to engage in violent behaviour if they were exposed to interadult violence. Under which condition is this especially likely?

A) when the violence was committed only 10 feet away
B) when the violent people were their parents
C) when they were the target of physical abuse themselves
D) when the violence ended in the violent person getting what they wanted

Question 14

According to a 2003 report on the correctional services system, what did Aboriginals report the highest rate of?

A) poor family backgrounds
B) homelessness
C) low educational levels
D) early drug and alcohol dependency

Question 15

Which of the following examples best exemplifies the term "cycle of violence"?

A) Charlie is hit by his mother for using bad language. Charlie goes to his room, but punches his little brother as they pass in the hallway.
B) Ritika is robbed and assaulted by a masked man as she walks home from her job as a nurse. After that incident she is afraid to walk home alone, and takes a taxi or bus.
C) Jorge is regularly beaten by his step-father as a child. When he grows up he has trouble keeping a job, and regularly robs people as they leave local bars.
D) Kaitlyn is sexually abused by her uncle as a child, and later in life finds herself lashing out at her partner when they have an argument.

Question 16

While overall crime rates of victimization have remained the same or decreased, a significant amount of Canadians overestimate the amount of crime. What does this illustrate?

A) The UCR does not record the proper rates of crime.
B) The police aren't doing their job publicly enough.
C) Canadian surveys are unreliable.
D) People do not rely on their own experiences in assessing the likelihood of being a victim of crime.

Question 17

According to the 1988 General Social Survey estimates, what is the rate of personal victimization?

A) 14/100,000
B) 143/100,000
C) 814/100,000
D) 1,014/100,000

Question 18

Internationally, how do Canada's overall victimization rates compare to those of Australia, England, Wales, Netherlands, and Sweden?

A) Canada's rate is higher.
B) Canada's rate is equal.
C) Canada's rate is lower.
D) Canada's rate is nowhere near theirs

Question 19

One study found an intergender difference to the reaction of being a violent crime victim; females internalize and blame themselves for their victimization. What do men do?

A) internalize guilt and blame
B) externalize blame and anger toward the offender
C) have little reaction at all and dismiss the event
D) become schizophrenic and cry in public

Question 20

One study found an intergender difference to the reaction of being a violent crime victim; men externalize blame and anger toward the offender. What do women do?

A) internalize guilt and blame
B) rely on pharmacological support
C) have little reaction at all and dismiss the event
D) become schizophrenic and cry in public

Question 21

Which statement best describes what we know about crime victims?

A) They never commit crimes themselves.
B) They may also commit crimes themselves.
C) They are mentally ill.
D) They have a disability.

Question 22

Which type of crime is date -rape?

A) stranger-related
B) pedophilia
C) patricide
D) acquaintance-related

Question 23

Which type of crime is a carjacking?

A) burglary
B) stranger-related
C) sedition
D) acquaintance-related

Question 24

What crime is most likely to happen to women overall?

A) assault
B) sexual assault
C) theft
D) robbery

Question 25

Who are men more likely to be victimized by in a violent crime?

A) family members
B) friends
C) strangers
D) relatives

Question 26

Who are women more likely to be attacked by?

A) gangs
B) girlfriends
C) strangers
D) relatives

Question 27

Which statement best represents the overall rate of victimization by gender?

A) Men are significantly more victimized than women.
B) Women are significantly more victimized than men.
C) The rates of victimization are quite similar.
D) Previously women were more victimized, but that trend has shifted and now men are more victimized

Question 28

What age group has the highest rate of personal victimization?

A) 15-24
B) 25-44
C) 45-64
D) 65+

Question 29

Who is most likely to be the victim of a homicide committed by a young person?

A) an older person whom the young person does not know
B) a classmate who has tormented the young person
C) the young person's parent
D) the young person's best friend

Question 30

How likely are the elderly to be the victims of crime when compared to young people?

A) more likely
B) equally likely
C) much less likely
D) half as likely

Question 31

Which group do victimization surveys like the General Social Survey generally NOT include?

A) people under the age of 15
B) the elderly
C) criminals
D) college and university students

Question 32

What factor is most commonly the cause of the poorest Canadians being most likely to be victims of crimes?

A) They tend to have less education.
B) They engage in more criminal activity themselves and are therefore more exposed to criminal elements in society.
C) They are more likely to live in areas that are crime prone, such as inner-city urban neighbourhoods.
D) They have fewer defenses than more wealthy Canadians.

Question 33

What is the most common type of youth crime to take place on school grounds?

A) robbery
B) sexual assault
C) assault
D) burglary

Question 34

Which annual household income category is most likely to be victimized by crime?

A) under $20,000
B) $30,000-$39,000
C) $60,000-$99,000
D) Over $100,000

Question 35

Which of the following is the most likely site of criminal victimization?

A) urban areas
B) upper-class, suburban areas
C) middle-class suburban areas
D) isolated rural areas

Question 36

Who conducted national surveys on the incidence of family violence in American families?

A) Gelles and Straus
B) Hirschi and Hindelang
C) Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin
D) Byrne and Sampson

Question 37

Which group did the 2009 General Social Survey identify as having the highest overall violent victimization rate?

A) single people
B) married people
C) widowers
D) people in common-law relationships

Question 38

What factor increases the risk of child abuse?

A) poverty
B) mental illness in the parent
C) wealth
D) having children with Attention Deficit Disorder

Question 39

What do approximately 40 percent of child abuse cases stem from?

A) sexual abuse
B) families collecting social assistance cheques
C) neglect
D) fathers needing anger management courses

Question 40

What percentage of Canadians were victims of crime according to the 2009 General Social Survey?

A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35

Question 41

Which of the following was NOT designed to stop violence against women?

A) establishing a central registry of protection orders to ensure better access for police
B) enacting new legislation to provide improved rights and services for victims
C) providing assessment kits for high schools all over British Columbia that allowed school officials to measure young males for early predictors of violence against women
D) funding transition houses, counselling treatment programs for assaultive men, and violence prevention and public education programs

Question 42

When women kill, why do they usually do so?

A) to collect insurance money
B) in self-defence
C) to gain material wealth
D) because there is a conflict over child custody

Question 43

What crime is committed by a stranger in the majority of offenses?

A) assault
B) sexual assault
C) robbery
D) child abuse

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of the principle of Battered Woman Syndrome?

A) Helen was a battered woman in a violent common-law relationship. After another fight in which her partner beats her, he threatens to kill her after their guests leave the house. As he leaves the room, Helen shoots him in the back of the head.
B) Betty and her husband rarely disagree and have never fought. One night he slaps her during a minor disagreement. She can't remember what happens next, but the next thing she knows, she's in handcuffs, and her husband is lying dead in the living room with dozens of stab wounds.
C) Mariel dated Steve for a few months, but broke up with him after he slapped her. Several years later she sees him at the market. She follows him home, and shoots him at his front door.
D) Angelique and her brother have always had a bad relationship. After their mother's funeral they argue about who will get the family heirlooms. Angelique is fed up with his years of tormenting her, and stabs him once in the leg. She hits an artery, and her brother bleeds to death before paramedics can arrive.

Question 45

According to David Finkelhor and Nancy Asdigian, what is one factor that is pertinent to victimization?

A) target vulnerability
B) target hardening
C) target susceptibility
D) target softening

Question 46

Who were among the first researchers to focus attention on the role of the victim in the criminal process?

A) Hirschi and Hindelang
B) Wolfgang and Sellin
C) Schafer and Von Hentig
D) Fox and Levin

Question 47

Who focused on the "genesis of crime"?

A) Stephen Schafer
B) Mark Felson
C) Cathy Widom
D) Marvin Wolfgang

Question 48

Some characteristics increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy, or destructive impulses in the offender. What is this type of victim characteristic called?

A) target antagonism
B) target vulnerability
C) target style
D) target gratification

Question 49

Who are most likely to become future victims?

A) mentally ill children who cannot relate to others
B) children who bully other children; later the kids they bullied will retaliate
C) boys who are bullied at school and are withdrawn and shy
D) girls who tease other girls because of petty differences

Question 50

Which term refers to the idea that victims may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually lead to their injury or death?

A) victim precipitation view
B) confrontational hypothesis
C) victim identification theory
D) masculinity hypothesis

Question 51

Who reformed the nature of the victim-offender relationship in his 1958 research on criminal homicide?

A) Marvin Wolfgang
B) Menachim Amir
C) Hans Von Hentig
D) Stephen Schafer

Question 52

For which crime is it common for the victim to have to prove in court that he or she did not "precipitate" the criminal act?

A) car theft
B) rape
C) serious assault
D) hate crimes

Question 53

A professor was quoted as saying "When a boy invites a girl to his bedroom ... she should consider it an invitation for sexual intercourse." What is this statement is an example of?

A) victim advocating
B) victim blaming
C) rape dysplasia
D) displacement of fault

Question 54

Which term best describes the rules prohibiting the inclusion of evidence about a rape victim's sexual history?

A) victim privacy rights
B) rape-shield provisions
C) sexual exclusion rules
D) female privacy program

Question 55

A person insults a patron in a bar and, in frustration, his target hits him with a beer bottle. In this case, what is the victimization an example of?

A) lifestyle
B) victim precipitation
C) routine activities
D) passive precipitation

Question 56

What occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that either unknowingly threatens or encourages his or her attacker?

A) active precipitation
B) victim nullification
C) passive precipitation
D) aggressor enhancement

Question 57

Which statement best exemplifies the principle of active-precipitation?

A) Martin is a little drunk and walking home from the bar when a man points a gun at him and demands Martin's wallet.
B) Nick bumps in to another patron at a bar, spilling the patron's drink. Instead of apologizing to the other patron Nick says, "Way to go dumbass!" The other patron punches Nick, breaking his nose.
C) Monica is wearing a very skimpy costume to a Halloween party. By the end of the party she is very drunk, and her friend Joe pushes her in to a bedroom and has sex with her even though she protests.
D) Herald is shot during a robbery at his grocery store because the robber thinks Herald has triggered a silent alarm.

Question 58

What is hate crime an example of?

A) active precipitation
B) victim nullification
C) passive precipitation
D) aggressor enhancement

Question 59

New sentencing legislation was declared by Justice Minister Allan Rock in 1996. As part of the new legislation, if a judge determines that hatred was the motivation in an attack, more severe sentencing could be required. What type of factor is hatred considered to be in this case?

A) mitigating
B) aggravating
C) acceptable
D) precipitating

Question 60

New rules now allow victims to be present at all critical stages of the judicial proceedings, and protect witnesses and victims from intimidation. What larger, governmental effort are these rules a part of?

A) Government are working to win votes in provincial and federal elections.
B) Governments are trying to prevent appeals to custodial sentences handed down by judges.
C) Governments are moving to address the needs of crime victims.
D) Governments are trying to increase conviction rates.

Question 61

According to passive precipitation research, what will reduce victimization risk for women?

A) criminal nullification
B) gaining economic power
C) workplace mediation
D) anomie

Question 62

Which type of woman suffers higher homicide victimization rates?

A) upper-class working women
B) new mothers
C) unemployed women
D) postal workers

Question 63

Which statement best describes the existing hate crime statistics in Canada?

A) They are very effective in collecting information on hate crimes perpetrated by whites against blacks, but do not collect information in the opposite direction.
B) There is no systematic collection of hate crime statistics in Canada.
C) These statistics are collected only when the hate crimes escalate to the level of homicide.
D) The methodology for collecting the crime statistics is flawed because race is not self-reported but is judged by a census taker.

Question 64

A journalist on CBC does a story on crime in a poor urban neighbourhood and blames the "welfare-mothers," "gangbangers," and "thugs" for the local problems. Hate crimes spike after this report. Which hate crime factor did the journalist's report probably contribute to?

A) cultural
B) personal
C) social
D) discourse

Question 65

Complete the analogy regarding hate crime: Poor economic conditions are to structural as stereotypes in television and movies are to _____________?

A) cultural
B) personal
C) social
D) discourse

Question 66

Jim is a mechanic but on the weekends he helps an old friend from high school build hidden compartments in cars so criminals can hide drugs or weapons without getting caught. If Jim were robbed by one of his customers, which theory would best explain how Jim came to be in that situation?

A) victim precipitation theory
B) lifestyle theory
C) the proximity hypothesis
D) the equivalent group hypothesis

Question 67

What level of risk of victimization do homeless people experience when compared with the general population?

A) almost nonexistent risk
B) lower risk
C) equal risk
D) higher risk

Question 68

In a survey on homophobic violence in the Gay Times in 1996, approximately how many gay people had been gay-bashed in the previous five years?

A) only a few gay men, and almost no lesbians
B) 1 in 3 gay men, and 1 in 4 lesbians
C) half of all gay men and half of all lesbians
D) almost all gays and lesbians

Question 69

While waiting in line for the restroom at a nightclub Martin starts chatting with Steve, whom he does not know. After a few minutes Steve asks Martin if he wants to join him "for some fun" in the bathroom. Martin gets very upset and assaults Steve, calling him a "faggot." Which term best describes the defence Martin may try to mount in court?

A) homophobia defense
B) heterosexual exclusivity defense
C) defence of paranoid heterosexuality
D) homosexual panic defence

Question 70

Which hypothesis suggests that victims and criminals share similar characteristics and lifestyles because they are the same group of people?

A) deviant place
B) proximity
C) concurrent lifestyles
D) equivalent group

Question 71

Which hypothesis suggests that some people become victims because they are forced to live in the same neighbourhoods as criminals?

A) deviant place
B) proximity
C) concurrent lifestyles
D) equivalent group

Question 72

What theory says that a victim is simply in the "wrong place at the wrong time"?

A) routine activities theory
B) deviant place hypothesis
C) proximity hypothesis
D) wrong place theory

Question 73

Which hypothesis suggests that there are "natural areas" of crime where crime flourishes regardless of the precautions taken by the residents?

A) deviant place
B) proximity
C) concurrent lifestyles
D) equivalent group

Question 74

What type of crime against the person occurs when an offender attempts to steal an object directly?

A) predatory
B) physical proximity
C) green-eyed
D) stalker's itch

Question 75

What theory did Cohen and Felson use to explain the rise in the crime rate between 1960 and 1980?

A) baby-boomer
B) routine activities
C) crime motivation
D) victim access

Question 76

Joan's son Tom is getting in to fights at school and has been arrested for petty theft several times. She sends him to stay with his cousins, who are very good students, attend religious services regularly, and never get in trouble. What term best identifies what Joan hopes the cousins will provide for Tom?

A) moral guardianship
B) capable guardians
C) pro-social conformity
D) androgenises

Question 77

What is a good illustration of how changes in the structure and function of society have influenced and increased the crime rate?

A) the addition of police officers
B) alcohol limits on the legal drinking age
C) large shopping malls
D) new training for police dogs

Question 78

According to Michael Maxfield and his research on routine activities theory, which type of family is most likely to experience victimization?

A) homes with stepparents
B) single parent, single child
C) single parent, multiple children
D) two parents, no children

Question 79

Where was the Framework Decision on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings implemented in 2001?

A) United States
B) Ontario
C) European Union
D) United Kingdom

Question 80

Which document stipulates all member states are to provide fair and appropriate compensation to victims, and that member states should cooperate on the strengthening of victims' services?

A) Framework Decision on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings
B) Criminal Code of Canada
C) UN Declaration of Human
D) UN Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime