Question 1

Which of the following components increase(s) as a proportion of the respiratory tract wall from trachea to alveoli?&#10;A) Cilia&#10;B) Elastic fibers&#10;C) Smooth muscle&#10;D) Cartilage&#10;E) Goblet cells

Accepted Answer

Elastic fibers increase as a proportion of the respiratory tract wall from trachea to alveoli, allowing for the necessary expansion and contraction during breathing.

Question 2

Air moving rapidly across the vocal cords and causing them to vibrate and produce sound is contacting what type of epithelium?&#10;A) Pseudostratified ciliated&#10;B) Stratified squamous keratinized&#10;C) Stratified squamous nonkeratinized&#10;D) Simple squamous&#10;E) Simple cuboidal

Accepted Answer

The vocal cords are lined with stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium, which is durable and protects against abrasion from the rapid movement of air.

Question 3

Which structural feature distinguishes between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?&#10;A) Alveoli&#10;B) Cilia&#10;C) Exocrine bronchiolar cells&#10;D) Mucous glands in lamina propria&#10;E) Smooth muscle

Accepted Answer

Terminal bronchioles do not have alveoli, while respiratory bronchioles have alveoli budding from their walls, marking the transition to the gas-exchanging portion of the respiratory system.

Question 4

Which of the following features distinguishes a bronchus within a lung from the primary bronchi?&#10;A) Glands in the submucosa&#10;B) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium&#10;C) Smooth muscle in the wall&#10;D) Irregular plates of cartilage&#10;E) Goblet cells in the epithelium

Accepted Answer

Within the lung, bronchi have irregular plates of cartilage, whereas the primary bronchi have complete rings of cartilage.

Question 5

Which feature involved in protection of the respiratory tract is absent from the digestive tract?&#10;A) Goblet cells&#10;B) Cilia&#10;C) Lymphoid nodules&#10;D) Secretory IgA&#10;E) Tight junctions

Accepted Answer

Cilia are present in the respiratory tract to help move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways, but they are not a feature of the digestive tract.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of pulmonary surfactant?&#10;A) Secreted by type I pneumocytes&#10;B) Forms layer rich in phospholipid overlying a thin aqueous phase&#10;C) Prevents alveolar collapse by increasing surface tension&#10;D) Does not affect bacterial survival&#10;E) Is secreted by goblet cells

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by type II pneumocytes, not type I, and it forms a layer rich in phospholipids that reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse. It also has roles in immune defense, affecting bacterial survival.

Question 7

The pulmonary (functional) and bronchial (nutritive) arterial systems enter the lungs separately at the hilus but anastomose into a single system at which level?&#10;A) Bronchi&#10;B) Larynx&#10;C) Terminal bronchioles&#10;D) Segmental bronchioles&#10;E) Respiratory bronchioles

Accepted Answer

The pulmonary and bronchial arterial systems anastomose at the level of the respiratory bronchioles, where the gas exchange begins.

Question 8

After 35 weeks of gestation, a 5-1b 5-oz girl is born to a 30-year-old gravid 2, para 2 (G2P2) woman. The infant has rapid and labored breathing, which is viewed as transient tachypnea of the newborn. The infant's 1- and 5-min APGAR scores are 8 and 9, respectively. She has respiratory distress, with a normal pulse and no heart murmurs. She is transported to the neonatal intensive care unit with worsening tachypnea. In this infant which of the following is likely to be involved?

A) Failure of the type I pneumocytes to form complete blood-air barriers
B) Absence of elastic fibers from the bronchiolar walls and interalveolar septa
C) Failure of type II pneumocytes to complete differentiation and become fully functional
D) Failure of type II pneumocyte progenitors to proliferate adequately during gestation
E) Inadequate development of the parietal and visceral pleura

Accepted Answer

Transient tachypnea of the newborn is often due to delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid, which is related to the function of type II pneumocytes. These cells are responsible for producing surfactant, which helps in reducing surface tension and clearing lung fluid.

Question 9

A teenage girl presents at the ER with paroxysms of dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Her parents indicate that she had these "attacks" during the past winter and that they have worsened and become more frequent during the spring. Which of the following cell types and their location is correctly matched to a function it may perform in this patient's disorder?

A) Cilia in alveolar ducts, enhanced mucociliary transport
B) Plasma cells in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), bronchoconstriction
C) Eosinophils in BALT, bronchodilation
D) Goblet cells in bronchioles, hyposecretion
E) Mast cells in BALT, bronchoconstriction, and edema

Accepted Answer

Mast cells in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) release histamine and other mediators that cause bronchoconstriction and edema, which are key features in asthma, a likely diagnosis for this patient.

Question 10

A 28-year-old man is diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumor. The tumor is surgically removed and he begins chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin. Bleomycin chemotherapy is known to affect the lung blood-air barrier. Which of the following best describes the structural site of those effects?

A) Fused basal laminae of epithelial and endothelial cells
B) Alveolar pores of Kohn
C) Alveolar macrophages in interalveolar septa
D) Type II pneumocytes linked by junctional complexes
E) Smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary and bronchial arteries

Accepted Answer

Bleomycin primarily affects the lung by causing damage to the fused basal laminae of epithelial and endothelial cells, which are part of the blood-air barrier in the alveoli.

Deck 17: The Respiratorysystem