Deck 5: Motivating Behavior

Question 1

The performance-to-outcome expectancy is a person's perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The dual-structure theory identifies motivation factors, which prevent dissatisfaction, and hygiene factors, which enhance satisfaction.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Individuals might adjust their inputs or outcomes in order to mitigate concerns about inequity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Motivation factors include achievement, recognition, and responsibility.

Question 5

Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

High-need achievers often do not get promoted into high-level managerial positions.

Question 7

The top two sets of needs in Maslow's hierarchy are referred to as growth needs.

Question 8

Equity is achieved when an individual perceives that he or she is being treated fairly in relation to others.

Question 9

Esteem needs involve realizing our full potential.

Question 10

Herzberg viewed satisfaction and dissatisfaction as two different factors that exist along different dimensions.

Question 11

Hygiene factors include the quality of supervision, working conditions, and interpersonal relationships.

Question 12

The desirability of outcomes received for performing work is referred to as valence.

Question 13

Historical perspectives on motivation are important because these ideas provide a background for current understanding of motivation.

Question 14

Porter and Lawler suggested that, under the right conditions, high levels of performance might lead to satisfaction, rather than the other way around.

Question 15

The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are security needs.

Question 16

Frederick Taylor (the father of scientific management) believed people were motivated by the opportunity to contribute to the workplace.

Question 17

According to reinforcement theory, if rewards are removed from behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behaviors are likely to decrease in frequency and eventually disappear.

Question 18

Supervisors can more easily manage employees' motivation than they can their ability or the environment.

Question 19

The need for affiliation is the desire to control one's environment.

Question 20

Performance depends upon ability and motivation, but not on the environment.

Question 21

The most difficult performance factor to manage is often

A) environment.
B) mastery.
C) activity.
D) motivation.
E) equilibrium.

Question 22

According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,

A) the individual returns to the level just below the deficient level.
B) the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.
C) the individual becomes demotivated.
D) the individual advances a level.
E) the individual begins again at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Question 23

​People have to be rewarded identically in order to perceive the rewards to be fair.

Question 24

Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior by providing a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior.

Question 25

Equity theory is concerned with differences in pay and is not applicable to intangible rewards in the workplace.

Question 26

Motivated behavior begins with one or more

A) motives.
B) people.
C) wants.
D) needs.
E) behaviors.

Question 27

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, ____ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess.

A) growth
B) security
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) esteem

Question 28

For various reasons, Anne is unable to move ahead into a higher position at work.According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne?

A) Existence
B) Growth
C) Relatedness
D) Security
E) Belongingness

Question 29

____ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.

A) Autonomy
B) Task identity
C) Motivation
D) Activity
E) Equilibrium.

Question 30

The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) employees want to feel useful.
B) employees want to feel important.
C) employees have strong social needs.
D) employees are motivated by only money.
E) allow employees a modicum of self-direction.

Question 31

Social learning suggests that individual behavior is determined by a person's cognitions and social environment.

Question 32

Punishment and extinction both tend to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors and conduct.

Question 33

​Equality and equity are the same thing.

Question 34

The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) employees are motivated by money.
B) work is inherently unpleasant.
C) employees want to feel useful and important.
D) advocates incentive pay systems.
E) the nature of the work is not important.

Question 35

The human resource approach to motivation assumes that

A) employees are economically motivated.
B) employees will achieve their security needs.
C) meaningful employee contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organization.
D) illusory employee contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organization.
E) none of these

Question 36

Fixed-interval reinforcement provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule.

Question 37

There is a lot of empirical evidence to support Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Question 38

​High performance requires both ability and motivation.

Question 39

John has satisfied his basic needs and has many friends.He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career.According to Alderfer, John's activities are explained by which component of ERG theory?

A) Satisfaction-progression
B) Frustration-regression
C) Importance-satisfaction
D) Satisfaction-regression
E) Frustration-progression

Question 40

Variable-interval reinforcement varies the amount of time between reinforcements.

Question 41

According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,

A) the manager should strive to create a feeling of equity.
B) the employee will naturally be satisfied.
C) further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.
D) the employee will be motivated to achieve.
E) increased attention to motivation factors is pointless.

Question 42

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?

A) positive reinforcement and extinction
B) negative reinforcement and punishment
C) negative reinforcement extinction
D) extinction and punishment
E) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 43

In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of

A) equity perceptions.
B) emotional states.
C) attitudes.
D) subconscious perceptions.
E) consequences.

Question 44

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments.Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does.Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by

A) altering his perception of self.
B) altering his perception of the situation.
C) changing his inputs.
D) changing his outcomes.
E) changing the object of comparison.

Question 45

According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following EXCEPT

A) education
B) experience
C) effort
D) loyalty
E) all of these are inputs

Question 46

According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of

A) job enrichment and motivation.
B) satisfaction and motivation.
C) dissatisfaction and lack of motivation.
D) loyalty and commitment.
E) higher performance and pay.

Question 47

Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace.Which of the following statements is NOTtrue in this regard?

A) People tend to take a multifaceted view of the rewards they receive from the organization.
B) The basis for organizational rewards should be clearly communicated to employees.
C) People base their experience of equity on their perceptions, which don't necessarily match reality.
D) Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.
E) Employees' perceptions may differ from the manager's perceptions.

Question 48

Herzberg's dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that

A) job loyalty ranged from loyalty to disloyalty.
B) job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.
C) job motivation ranged from motivation to demotivation.
D) job ability ranged from ability to disability.
E) job motivation ranged from progression to regression.

Question 49

All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions EXCEPT

A) evaluating how they are being treated.
B) forming perceptions of how a comparison other is being treated.
C) comparing their own circumstances with those of a comparison other.
D) confronting the comparison other with any inequity.
E) making a choice to pursue equity-restoring options.

Question 50

Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her boss give someone an award for good attendance.Sara is exhibiting learning through

A) avoidance.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
E) a stimulus-response mechanism.

Question 51

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that

A) only extrinsic rewards are important.
B) reward equity replaces valence.
C) ability, traits, and role perceptions are removed from the original model.
D) rewards are less important than originally thought.
E) high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

Question 52

According to equity theory, people

A) have the motivation to improve their standard of living.
B) have the motivation to develop satisfying relationships.
C) want to be treated fairly.
D) want everything to be equal.
E) compare what they get from a job with what they want from a job.

Question 53

____ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it.

A) Perception
B) Equity
C) Attribution
D) Reinforcement
E) Expectancy

Question 54

The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur,

A) the performance-to-outcome expectancies should approach zero.
B) the sum of all the valences for the relevant potential outcomes must be negative.
C) none of the valences for the relevant potential outcomes should be negative.
D) the effort-to-performance ratio should be well above 10.
E) the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.

Question 55

Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months.Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance.This belief is an example of the ____ expectancy.

A) effort-to-performance
B) performance-to-benefit
C) performance-to-outcome
D) performance-to-valence
E) effort-to-outcome

Question 56

People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they

A) curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships.
B) lessen alienation with other employees.
C) have a high need for affiliation.
D) seek power to increase their standing in the organization.
E) strive to get along with others.

Question 57

High-need achievers tend not to make good top managers because

A) top managers are required to have too much formal education.
B) high-need achievers tend to make decisions that are too risky.
C) top managers seldom receive immediate feedback.
D) high-need achievers delegate too many responsibilities.
E) top managers have too high a need for affiliation.

Question 58

People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with

A) high technical skill demands.
B) many opportunities to control one's environment.
C) a high degree of immediate feedback.
D) a lot of interpersonal contact.
E) little opportunity to accomplish tasks more effectively than in the past.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is NOTtrue about continuous reinforcement?

A) Extinction sets in quickly when reinforcement is removed.
B) It is frequently used by managers in organizational settings.
C) It is the process of reinforcing behavior every time it occurs.
D) It is an effective means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior.
E) It requires that managers monitor every behavior of an employee and provide effective reinforcement.

Question 60

Which type of reinforcement schedule is effective at motivating desirable behaviors, especially in the early stages of learning?

A) Variable interval
B) Fixed ratio
C) Fixed interval
D) Variable ratio
E) Continuous

Question 61

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called _____________.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
E) classical conditioning

Question 62

No longer laughing at a coworker's inappropriate jokes so that he will stop telling them is an example of ____________.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
E) classical conditioning

Question 63

A person's confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called ____________.

A) self-righteousness
B) self-sufficiency
C) self-esteem
D) self-efficacy
E) self-determination

Question 64

Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has been rewarding the wrong thing and wants to stop the behavior?

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
E) classical conditioning

Question 65

A $10 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

A) Fixed-ratio
B) Variable interval
C) Fixed interval
D) Variable ratio
E) Continuous

Question 66

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called

A) trauma.
B) training.
C) growth.
D) intelligence.
E) learning.

Question 67

A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 68

A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 69

Cutting the work hours of low performing employees is an example of __________.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
E) classical conditioning

Question 70

A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforcedafter a specified number of instances.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 71

Instrumentality refers to a person's perception of the probability that

A) motivation will lead to effort.
B) performance will lead to effort.
C) effort will lead to performance.
D) performance will lead to certain outcomes.
E) certain outcomes will lead to performance.

Question 72

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished?

A) strength
B) magnitude
C) power
D) generality
E) corporality

Question 73

According to Herzberg, _____________happiness includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions that produce an acceptable work environment and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.

A) hygiene
B) motivation
C) acceptability
D) happiness
E) engagement

Question 74

In order for social learning to take place,

A) tasks must be complex, so as to motivate the employee.
B) the behavior being modeled must be intangible in nature.
C) the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job.
D) the employee need not perceive a direct cause-and-effect linkage.
E) the employee must be physically present at the time of the demonstration.

Question 75

A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 76

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?

A) strength
B) magnitude
C) power
D) generality
E) corporality

Question 77

A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 78

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?

A) strength
B) magnitude
C) power
D) generality
E) corporality

Question 79

A performance bonus is an example of _____________.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
E) classical conditioning

Question 80

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers tothe perceived value of a given reward or outcome?

A) perception
B) expectancy
C) valence
D) strength
E) generality