Deck 9: Gangs and Delinquency

Question 1

Frederick Thrasher suggested that ethnic gangs evolve from playgroups without any particular ________.

A) organization
B) race
C) goal
D) parental supervision

Answer 1

goal

Question 2

Which type of gang does the text suggest emerged in the political climate of the 1960s?

A) West Side Story gangs
B) violent hoodlums
C) peewee gangs
D) supergangs

Answer 2

supergangs

Question 3

What did the three Chicago supergangs become involved in during the late 1960s?

A) supporting Democratic Party candidates
B) recruiting new members from local colleges
C) helping the police patrol local neighborhoods
D) social betterment programs

Answer 3

social betterment programs

Question 4

Juveniles become involved in gangs at as young as ________ years of age, running errands and carrying weapons or messages.

A) six
B) eight
C) ten
D) twelve

Question 5

Gangs use younger and smaller members to ________.

A) steal bicycles
B) deal cocaine out of cramped "rock houses"
C) recruit females
D) steal guns from stores

Question 6

Gangs have long known that youngsters are invaluable because their age protects them against the harsher realities of the adult ________ system

A) employment
B) foster care
C) school
D) criminal justice

Question 7

Because more than one gang is typically present in a high school, ________ among gangs takes place on a regular basis.

A) education
B) compromise
C) consensus
D) conflict

Question 8

In the ________ type of recruitment, the gang presents itself as an organization that is the "in" thing to join.

A) obligation
B) coercive
C) fraternity
D) deviant

Question 9

The ________ gang recruitment strategy involves members who attempt to persuade potential members that it is their duty to join.

A) obligation
B) coercive
C) fraternity
D) deviant

Question 10

The ________ type of recruitment strategy uses physical and/or psychological pressure on potential members and threatens that either they or their family will be attacked if they fail to join.

A) obligation
B) coercive
C) fraternity
D) deviant

Question 11

A gang member who has older brothers or a father in the gang is referred to as ________ .

A) blood-in
B) blessed-in
C) jumped-in
D) coerced-in

Question 12

A new male member more typically must be ________, that is, he or she must fight other members.

A) blood-in
B) blessed-in
C) jumped-in
D) coerced-in

Question 13

A female is usually initiated into male-dominated gangs by providing ________ services for one or more gang members.

A) drug-related
B) sexual
C) gun-related
D) trafficking

Question 14

Which of the following is the fifth stage of gang development?

A) gang takeover
B) expansion and conflict
C) expansion of drug markets
D) community deterioration

Question 15

Youths identifying with a certain gang attempt to develop a group culture in which of the following stages of gang development?

A) implementation
B) expansion and conflict
C) organization and consolidation
D) gang takeover

Question 16

Bloods and Crips are examples of which of the following racial and ethnic gangs?

A) Hispanic/Latino gangs
B) African American gangs
C) Asian gangs
D) Native American gangs

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding females in delinquent gangs?

A) Female gangs are generally not violent in nature.
B) Female gang members are not involved in the planning of gang activities.
C) Female gang members never participate in violent crimes.
D) Girls receive no emotional fulfillment from their involvement in gang activity.

Question 18

Which of the following is the basis of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's theory about the origins of juvenile gangs?

A) Lower-class boys interact with and gain support from other alienated individuals.
B) Gang delinquency represents a subcultural and collective solution to the problem
Faced by lower-class boys.
C) Joining a gang is part of the experience male adolescents need to grow up to adulthood.
D) Violent delinquent gangs arise out of conditions that encourage the development of a sociopathic personality in adolescents.

Question 19

Lewis Yablonsky's classical theory on the origin of juvenile gangs focused on which of the following sociological variables?

A) subcultural affiliation
B) strain
C) peer pressure
D) social disorganization

Question 20

Which of the following asserts that youngsters pursue gangs to achieve the success they cannot achieve through legitimate means?

A) strain theory
B) subcultural affiliation
C) underclass theory
D) social disorganization

Question 21

Which of the following researchers contributed an important life-course orientation in their analysis of the gang behavior of Rochester youths as they aged into their young adult years?

A) Marvin D. Krohn and colleagues
B) Terence Thornberry and colleagues
C) J. Hodgkinson and colleagues
D) Finn-Aage Esbensen and colleagues

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a strategy of intervention identified by Irving Spergel and colleagues' report on forty-five cities with gang problems?

A) community organization
B) suppression
C) subcultural affiliation
D) social intervention

Question 23

According to Spergel and colleagues, which of the following strategies of intervention was most frequently used?

A) organizational development
B) opportunities provision
C) mobilization
D) suppression

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the components of gang prevention, intervention, and control models?

A) The supporters must take responsibility for developing and implementing the model.
B) The model must take very seriously the structural hopelessness arising from the unmet needs of underclass children.
C) Prevention programs, especially in the first six years of school, must be emphasized.
D) Sufficient financial resources must be available to implement the model.

Question 25

Street gangs have recently began forming associations with other organized crime groups.

Question 26

Age of gang members is an important dimension of gang profiles.

Question 27

In the "fraternity"type of recruitment, the gang presents itself as an organization that is the "in"thing to join.

Question 28

The recruitment of younger members is generally easy, because the life of a gang member looks very glamorous.

Question 29

Studies of large urban samples found that gang members are responsible for a large proportion of violent offenses.

Question 30

Expansion and conflict is the first stage of gang development.

Question 31

Social disorganization theory states that there is a definite lower-class culture and gang behavior is an expression of that culture.

Question 32

Thornberry and colleagues concluded that gang membership appears to have a pernicious impact on many aspects of life-course development.

Question 33

What Spergel's and colleagues' efforts demonstrate is that only an integrated, multidimensional community-oriented effort is likely to have any long-term effect in preventing and controlling gangs in the United States.

Question 34

Spergel and colleagues' report on 45 cities with gang problems identified seven strategies of intervention.

Question 35

Early on, the ________ trade, more than anything else, provided the bulk of the business of street gangs.

Question 36

As ________ gangs have become more business-like, they have formed associations with other organized crime groups, including Mexican drug cartels, Asian criminal groups, and Russian organized crime families.

Question 37

A(n) ________ is a group of youths who are bound together by mutual interests, have identifiable leadership, and act in concert to achieve a specific purpose.

Question 38

A(n) ________ gang involves any youth gang that formed in the late 1980s and early 1990s in communities across the nation and that is continuing to evolve.

Question 39

The ________ type of recruitment strategy uses physical and/or psychological pressure on potential members.

Question 40

In the ________ method of initiation, a new member is sometimes expected to commit a gang assigned murder.

Question 41

The ________ recruitment strategy involves members who attempt to persuade potential members that it is their duty to join.

Question 42

Albert Cohen's theory of gang ________ states that gang delinquency represents a subcultural and collective solution to the problems faced by lower-class boys.

Question 43

The most basic life-course perspective is that gang membership can be thought of as a(n) ________.

Question 44

Only an integrated, ________ community-oriented effort is likely to have any long-term effect in preventing and controlling gangs in the United States.

Question 45

Please match each gang recruitment strategy with its definition.

-Fraternity

A) Involves members who attempt to persuade potential members that it is their duty to join.
B) The gang presents itself as an organization that is the "in"
Thing to join.
C) Uses physical and/or psychological pressure on potential members and threatens that either they or their family will be attacked if they fail to join.

Question 46

Please match each gang recruitment strategy with its definition.

-Obligation

A) Involves members who attempt to persuade potential members that it is their duty to join.
B) The gang presents itself as an organization that is the "in"
Thing to join.
C) Uses physical and/or psychological pressure on potential members and threatens that either they or their family will be attacked if they fail to join.

Question 47

Please match each gang recruitment strategy with its definition.

-Coercive

A) Involves members who attempt to persuade potential members that it is their duty to join.
B) The gang presents itself as an organization that is the "in"
Thing to join.
C) Uses physical and/or psychological pressure on potential members and threatens that either they or their family will be attacked if they fail to join.

Question 48

Please match each type of gang with its description.

-Urban gangs

A) Located in urban areas, made up largely of adults who are involved in law-violating activities, including drug trafficking.
B) Located in smaller cities and communities across the nation, made up almost entirely of juveniles, and focused on hanging out and some law-violating activities.
C) These gangs are found primarily in urban areas and are made up more of adults than juveniles. Most of these gangs serve as adjuncts to male gangs
D) Hispanics/Latino, African American, Asian, Caucasian, and Native American constitute the main types of these gangs. These gangs tend to be made up of adults, and their lawbreaking activities differ from one type of racial and ethnic gang to another.

Question 49

Please match each type of gang with its description.

-Emerging gangs

A) Located in urban areas, made up largely of adults who are involved in law-violating activities, including drug trafficking.
B) Located in smaller cities and communities across the nation, made up almost entirely of juveniles, and focused on hanging out and some law-violating activities.
C) These gangs are found primarily in urban areas and are made up more of adults than juveniles. Most of these gangs serve as adjuncts to male gangs
D) Hispanics/Latino, African American, Asian, Caucasian, and Native American constitute the main types of these gangs. These gangs tend to be made up of adults, and their lawbreaking activities differ from one type of racial and ethnic gang to another.

Question 50

Please match each type of gang with its description.

-Female delinquent gangs

A) Located in urban areas, made up largely of adults who are involved in law-violating activities, including drug trafficking.
B) Located in smaller cities and communities across the nation, made up almost entirely of juveniles, and focused on hanging out and some law-violating activities.
C) These gangs are found primarily in urban areas and are made up more of adults than juveniles. Most of these gangs serve as adjuncts to male gangs
D) Hispanics/Latino, African American, Asian, Caucasian, and Native American constitute the main types of these gangs. These gangs tend to be made up of adults, and their lawbreaking activities differ from one type of racial and ethnic gang to another.

Question 51

Please match each type of gang with its description.

-Racial and ethnic gangs

A) Located in urban areas, made up largely of adults who are involved in law-violating activities, including drug trafficking.
B) Located in smaller cities and communities across the nation, made up almost entirely of juveniles, and focused on hanging out and some law-violating activities.
C) These gangs are found primarily in urban areas and are made up more of adults than juveniles. Most of these gangs serve as adjuncts to male gangs
D) Hispanics/Latino, African American, Asian, Caucasian, and Native American constitute the main types of these gangs. These gangs tend to be made up of adults, and their lawbreaking activities differ from one type of racial and ethnic gang to another.

Question 52

Please match each theory of why juveniles join gangs with its description.

-Strain theory

A) Violent delinquent gangs arise out of certain conditions, which are found in urban slums.
B) There is a definite lower-class culture and gang behavior is an expression of that culture.
C) Youngsters pursue gangs to achieve the success they cannot achieve through legitimate means.
D) Excluded from participation in labor market occupations, members of the underclass are attracted to other economic alternatives, such as gangs.

Question 53

Please match each theory of why juveniles join gangs with its description.

-Social disorganization theory

A) Violent delinquent gangs arise out of certain conditions, which are found in urban slums.
B) There is a definite lower-class culture and gang behavior is an expression of that culture.
C) Youngsters pursue gangs to achieve the success they cannot achieve through legitimate means.
D) Excluded from participation in labor market occupations, members of the underclass are attracted to other economic alternatives, such as gangs.

Question 54

Please match each theory of why juveniles join gangs with its description.

-Underclass theory

A) Violent delinquent gangs arise out of certain conditions, which are found in urban slums.
B) There is a definite lower-class culture and gang behavior is an expression of that culture.
C) Youngsters pursue gangs to achieve the success they cannot achieve through legitimate means.
D) Excluded from participation in labor market occupations, members of the underclass are attracted to other economic alternatives, such as gangs.

Question 55

Please match each theory of why juveniles join gangs with its description.

-Subcultural affiliation theory

A) Violent delinquent gangs arise out of certain conditions, which are found in urban slums.
B) There is a definite lower-class culture and gang behavior is an expression of that culture.
C) Youngsters pursue gangs to achieve the success they cannot achieve through legitimate means.
D) Excluded from participation in labor market occupations, members of the underclass are attracted to other economic alternatives, such as gangs.

Question 56

Discuss the evolution of gangs in America and describe how they have changed or remained similar throughout the evolutionary transition.

Question 57

List and explain the important dimensions of gang profiles.

Question 58

List and explain gang recruitment strategies used in urban gangs.

Question 59

What are the different methods of initiation into a gang?

Question 60

List and explain the various stages of gang development.

Question 61

List and explain the different types of racial and ethnic gangs.

Question 62

List and explain the major organizational characteristics of a typical urban street gang of today. Include any features the gang may have and what types of activities they would be involved in.

Question 63

Explain the various insights offered by the life-course perspective regarding the study of gangs and their members.

Question 64

Which theory of delinquency is most effective in understanding gang membership? Please explain your reasoning.

Question 65

What types of social interventions might be used to prevent gang development? Please explain.