Deck 13: Juvenile Court

Question 1

According to the three different positions that have emerged concerning the role of the juvenile court, how are repetitive or violent youthful offenders treated?

A) They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.
B) The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.
C) The ?best interest of the child? standard for decision making is followed.
D) Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

Answer 1

They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

Question 2

According to Barry Feld, what would provide youthful offenders with greater protections and justice than what they currently receive?

A) transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings
B) determinate and mandatory sentencing
C) decriminalization of status offenses
D) an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

Answer 2

an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

Question 3

What concern did the Kent v. United States case resolve in juvenile justice?

A) double jeopardy
B) jury trials
C) transfer
D) self-incrimination

Answer 3

transfer

Question 4

In the twentieth century, the group known as the ________, one of the most formidable foes of the juvenile court, contended that the juvenile court was unconstitutional because under its system the principles of a fair trial and individual rights were denied.

A) consent decrees
B) constitutionalists
C) adult courts
D) jury trials

Question 5

The case of Breed v. Jones dealt with the issue of ________.

A) right to notice of charges
B) right to a jury trial
C) right to remain silent
D) double jeopardy

Question 6

Which juvenile justice evidentiary standard was changed due to the Winship case?

A) direct evidence
B) beyond a shadow of doubt
C) circumstantial evidence
D) preponderance of evidence

Question 7

What did the court rule in the 1970 case of In re Winship?

A) Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.
B) Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.
C) The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.
D) The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for transfer proceedings in the juvenile code of a state?

A) a legitimate transfer hearing
B) a sufficient notice to the juvenile's family and defense attorney
C) a statement of the court order regarding transfer
D) the right to trial by a jury

Question 9

Which of the following juvenile placements is physically nonrestrictive and is available for those who require juvenile court intervention?

A) shelter care
B) attention homes
C) home detention
D) detention center

Question 10

________ is (are) physically nonrestrictive and is available for those who have no homes or who require juvenile court intervention.

A) Shelter care
B) Attention homes
C) Home detention
D) Detention center

Question 11

________ restrict(s) a juvenile to his or her home and is supervised, normally by a paraprofessional staff member.

A) Shelter care
B) Attention homes
C) Home detention
D) Detention center

Question 12

________ is (are) innovative forms of detention facilities, found in several locations across the nation, characterized by an open setting.

A) Shelter care
B) Attention homes
C) Home detention
D) Detention center

Question 13

In which of following cases did the court rule that a juvenile court cannot adjudicate a case and then transfer it to the criminal court for adult processing on the same offense?

A) Breed v. Jones
B) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
C) In re Winship
D) In re Gault

Question 14

Which of the following is an intermediate step between informal handling and probation that places a youth under the court's supervision without a formal finding of delinquency?

A) filing of a petition
B) consent decree
C) informal adjustment
D) outright dismissal

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a criterion to be considered while making the waiver decision in a juvenile court?

A) the cross-examination of witnesses
B) the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile
C) the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community
D) the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a part of the adjudicatory hearing of a juvenile?

A) the youth's plea
B) the presentation of evidence by the prosecution
C) rehabilitation of the delinquent
D) the cross-examination of witnesses

Question 17

Which of the following is a formal factor that influences judicial decision making?

A) the seriousness of the delinquent behavior
B) the values and philosophy of the judge
C) the social and racial background of the youth
D) the presence or absence of a defense counsel

Question 18

What advantage does a bifurcated hearing give a probation officer?

A) opportunity to convince the family that treatment is essential to rehabilitation
B) time to prepare a social study investigation
C) reduces the time they spend in court
D) time to collect incriminating evidence of guilt

Question 19

Which constitutional right do juveniles NOT have?

A) right to due process
B) right to counsel
C) right to appeal
D) Miranda rights

Question 20

Which of the following judicial alternatives is reserved for youths who have committed serious crimes?

A) institutionalization in a mental hospital
B) state or private training school
C) community-based residential program
D) day-treatment program

Question 21

A model of sentencing that provides fixed terms of sentences for criminal offenses is referred to as ________ sentencing. Terms are generally set by the legislature rather than determined by judicial discretion.

A) discretionary
B) indeterminate
C) determinate
D) mandatory

Question 22

Why, according to Richard Redding, do juveniles tried as adults have higher recidivism rates?

A) the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults
B) the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system
C) the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system
D) the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

Question 23

Under which of the following blended sentencing options does the juvenile court impose a juvenile correctional sanction that may remain in force beyond the age of its extended jurisdiction, at which point the offender may be transferred to the adult correctional system?

A) juvenile-exclusive blend
B) juvenile-inclusive blend
C) juvenile-contiguous blend
D) criminal?inclusive blend

Question 24

Which of the following functions applies to the staff members in a juvenile court?

A) ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances
B) providing effective post-dispositions to each youth
C) ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance
D) encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth?s intervention plan

Question 25

Blended sentencing allows juvenile court judges to impose both an adult and a juvenile sentence on a delinquent concurrently, and creates a middle ground between traditional juvenile and adult sanctions.

Question 26

The phrase parens patriae means the state as parent.

Question 27

For minor offenses, as well as for status offenses in most states, the "best interest of the child" position is the guiding standard of juvenile court decision making.

Question 28

The juvenile court was founded on several basic ideals: that the court should function as a social clinic designed to serve the best interests of youths in trouble; that youths who were brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent; that the aim of the court is to help, to restore, to guide, and to forgive; that youths should not be treated as criminals; and that the rights to shelter, protection, and proper guardianship are the only rights of youths.

Question 29

In Eddings v. Oklahoma the court ruled that a defendant's youthful age should be considered a mitigating factor in deciding whether to apply the death penalty.

Question 30

Criticism of the decision-making outcomes of juvenile courts has increased since the 1970s.

Question 31

Juveniles waived to adult court are always the most serious or violent offenders.

Question 32

The Supreme Court ruled that juveniles do not have the right to jury trials because not all rights are constitutionally assured for juveniles.

Question 33

Once a youth has been found delinquent at the adjudicatory stage, some juvenile court codes still permit judges to proceed immediately to the disposition hearing.

Question 34

The right to appeal is limited for the most part to juveniles and their parents. States may appeal in some circumstances, but this right is seldom exercised, and few cases have come before the courts.

Question 35

Public defenders frequently do a better job of representing youth than do private and court-appointed attorneys.

Question 36

Organizational factors limit the use of the appellate review of juvenile court decisions.

Question 37

Juveniles are more likely to be victimized, including sexually assaulted, in the adult system than they are in the juvenile system.

Question 38

Court team members are responsible for integrated one-family-one-judge case assignments in juvenile courts.

Question 39

Sometimes, juveniles as young as 13 or 14 years old receive what amounts to being sentenced to die in prison.

Question 40

The parens patriae philosophy holds to "the best interest of the ________"
standard for decision making.

Question 41

In the twentieth century, the group known as the ________, one of the most formidable foes of the juvenile court, contended that the juvenile court was unconstitutional because under its system the principles of a fair trial and individual rights were denied.

Question 42

The 2005 Roper v. Simmons case set the minimum age for the death penalty as ________.

Question 43

Informal ________ means that the intake officer requires restitution from the youth, warns him or her, and then dismisses or diverts the youth to a social agency.

Question 44

A common law and constitutional prohibition against a second trial for the same offense is called ________ jeopardy.

Question 45

An innovative form of detention facility, found in several locations across the nation, that is characterized by an open setting is a(n) ________ home.

Question 46

The process of ________ juveniles to adult criminal court is referred to as binding over.

Question 47

A reverse ________ allows youths who are over the maximum age of jurisdiction to be sent back to the juvenile court if the adult court believes the case is more appropriate for juvenile court jurisdiction.

Question 48

The term adjudication refers to the ________ stage of juvenile proceedings.

Question 49

Under the ________ model of sentencing, terms are generally set by the legislature rather than determined by judicial discretion.

Question 50

The sentence of life without ________ is an option that has been used in most states to deal with convicted adult as well as juvenile offenders.

Question 51

Match each form of sentencing available to a juvenile court judge with its description.

-Determinate sentencing

A) The requirement that individuals who commit certain offenses be sentenced to a specified length of confinement if found guilty or adjudicated delinquent.
B) A model of sentencing that provides fixed terms of sentences for criminal offenses. Terms are generally set by the legislature rather than determined by judicial discretion.
C) In juvenile justice, a sentencing model that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences. Under the model, a juvenile judge has wide discretion and can commit a juvenile to the department of corrections or youth authority until correctional staff members make the decision to release the juvenile.

Question 52

Match each form of sentencing available to a juvenile court judge with its description.

-Indeterminate sentencing

A) The requirement that individuals who commit certain offenses be sentenced to a specified length of confinement if found guilty or adjudicated delinquent.
B) A model of sentencing that provides fixed terms of sentences for criminal offenses. Terms are generally set by the legislature rather than determined by judicial discretion.
C) In juvenile justice, a sentencing model that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences. Under the model, a juvenile judge has wide discretion and can commit a juvenile to the department of corrections or youth authority until correctional staff members make the decision to release the juvenile.

Question 53

Match each form of sentencing available to a juvenile court judge with its description.

-Mandatory Sentencing

A) The requirement that individuals who commit certain offenses be sentenced to a specified length of confinement if found guilty or adjudicated delinquent.
B) A model of sentencing that provides fixed terms of sentences for criminal offenses. Terms are generally set by the legislature rather than determined by judicial discretion.
C) In juvenile justice, a sentencing model that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences. Under the model, a juvenile judge has wide discretion and can commit a juvenile to the department of corrections or youth authority until correctional staff members make the decision to release the juvenile.

Question 54

Match each trial proceeding that takes place in juvenile court with its description.

-Adjudication

A) The court proceeding in which a panel of the defendant's peers evaluates evidence and renders a verdict.
B) A split adjudication and disposition hearing, which is the present trend of the juvenile court.
C) The court process wherein a judge determines if the juvenile appearing before the court committed the act with which he or she is charged. The term adjudicated is analogous to convicted in the adult criminal justice system and indicates that the court concluded that the juvenile committed the act.
D) The review of the decision of a juvenile court proceeding by a higher court.

Question 55

Match each trial proceeding that takes place in juvenile court with its description.

-Jury Trial

A) The court proceeding in which a panel of the defendant's peers evaluates evidence and renders a verdict.
B) A split adjudication and disposition hearing, which is the present trend of the juvenile court.
C) The court process wherein a judge determines if the juvenile appearing before the court committed the act with which he or she is charged. The term adjudicated is analogous to convicted in the adult criminal justice system and indicates that the court concluded that the juvenile committed the act.
D) The review of the decision of a juvenile court proceeding by a higher court.

Question 56

Match each trial proceeding that takes place in juvenile court with its description.

-Bifurcated hearing

A) The court proceeding in which a panel of the defendant's peers evaluates evidence and renders a verdict.
B) A split adjudication and disposition hearing, which is the present trend of the juvenile court.
C) The court process wherein a judge determines if the juvenile appearing before the court committed the act with which he or she is charged. The term adjudicated is analogous to convicted in the adult criminal justice system and indicates that the court concluded that the juvenile committed the act.
D) The review of the decision of a juvenile court proceeding by a higher court.

Question 57

Match each trial proceeding that takes place in juvenile court with its description.

-Appellate review

A) The court proceeding in which a panel of the defendant's peers evaluates evidence and renders a verdict.
B) A split adjudication and disposition hearing, which is the present trend of the juvenile court.
C) The court process wherein a judge determines if the juvenile appearing before the court committed the act with which he or she is charged. The term adjudicated is analogous to convicted in the adult criminal justice system and indicates that the court concluded that the juvenile committed the act.
D) The review of the decision of a juvenile court proceeding by a higher court.

Question 58

Match each term or concept with its description.

-Binding over

A) A provision that permits a juvenile who is being prosecuted as an adult in criminal court to petition to have the case transferred to juvenile court for adjudication or disposition
B) The imposition of juvenile and/or adult correctional sanctions on serious and violent juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated in juvenile court or convicted in criminal court.
C) A formal agreement between a juvenile and the court in which the juvenile is placed under the court's supervision without a formal finding of delinquency.
D) The process of transferring (also called certifying) juveniles to adult criminal court.

Question 59

Match each term or concept with its description.

-Reverse waiver

A) A provision that permits a juvenile who is being prosecuted as an adult in criminal court to petition to have the case transferred to juvenile court for adjudication or disposition
B) The imposition of juvenile and/or adult correctional sanctions on serious and violent juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated in juvenile court or convicted in criminal court.
C) A formal agreement between a juvenile and the court in which the juvenile is placed under the court's supervision without a formal finding of delinquency.
D) The process of transferring (also called certifying) juveniles to adult criminal court.

Question 60

Match each term or concept with its description.

-Blended sentencing

A) A provision that permits a juvenile who is being prosecuted as an adult in criminal court to petition to have the case transferred to juvenile court for adjudication or disposition
B) The imposition of juvenile and/or adult correctional sanctions on serious and violent juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated in juvenile court or convicted in criminal court.
C) A formal agreement between a juvenile and the court in which the juvenile is placed under the court's supervision without a formal finding of delinquency.
D) The process of transferring (also called certifying) juveniles to adult criminal court.

Question 61

Match each term or concept with its description.

-Consent decree

A) A provision that permits a juvenile who is being prosecuted as an adult in criminal court to petition to have the case transferred to juvenile court for adjudication or disposition
B) The imposition of juvenile and/or adult correctional sanctions on serious and violent juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated in juvenile court or convicted in criminal court.
C) A formal agreement between a juvenile and the court in which the juvenile is placed under the court's supervision without a formal finding of delinquency.
D) The process of transferring (also called certifying) juveniles to adult criminal court.

Question 62

Describe the three emerging positions concerning the role of the juvenile court.

Question 63

Discuss the key U.S. Supreme Court cases involving juveniles and juveniles' rights between 1970 and 1975 and their implications.

Question 64

Explain what a detention hearing is and how it works.

Question 65

Discuss the transfer procedures while a juvenile is transferred to an adult court. Also, list the blended sentencing options available in juvenile cases.

Question 66

List and discuss the judicial alternatives available in the juvenile trial proceedings.

Question 67

"Binding over"refers to the process of transferring juveniles to adult criminal court. Why does this take place? Do you agree with trying juveniles as adults? Why or why not?
Please explain.

Question 68

The recidivism rates for those transferred to the adult court seem to be higher than those for youths retained in the juvenile system. Why do you think this is? Please explain.