Deck 10: Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood

Question 1

Freud believed that the personality was set by what age?

A) 5 or 6
B) 12 or 13
C) 18
D) 21

Answer 1

5 or 6

Question 2

Piaget thought that cognitive development peaked at

A) 5 or 6.
B) adolescence.
C) 21
D) middle age.

Answer 2

adolescence.

Question 3

The first theorist to see development as continuing in stages through adulthood was

A) Arnold Gesell
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) Jean Piaget.

Answer 3

Erik Erikson.

Question 4

Contemporary theorists believe that development

A) is a lifelong process.
B) peaks at adolescence, with relatively little change occurring afterward.
C) peaks at young adulthood, with relatively little change occurring afterward.
D) peaks at middle adulthood, with relatively little change occurring afterward.

Question 5

In adulthood,_____ ___assumes a larger role in shaping the course of development, whereas____ ___Assumes a lesser role.

A) biology; the sociocultural environment
B) biology; the individual
C) the individual; the sociocultural environment
D) the individual; biology

Question 6

The fact that interindividual variability increases in adulthood means that

A) biology plays a more dominant role in shaping the course of development.
B) sociocultural factors become less prominent in shaping the course of development.
C) individuals have the potential to play a greater role in shaping their development.
D) development becomes more dependent on strict conventions and traditions.

Question 7

Compared to late adulthood, in young adulthood gains tend to be ____ ___common and losses tend to be common.

A) less; less
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 8

In middle adulthood, personal resources are directed toward

A) both maintenance and loss.
B) both growth and maintenance.
C) maintenance mostly.
D) loss mostly.

Question 9

When progressing from young adulthood through older adulthood, an individual shifts the direction of resources from____ ___to____ ___.

A) adapting to loss; maintaining the status quo.
B) growth; adapting to loss.
C) maintaining the status quo; growth
D) growth; maintaining the status quo.

Question 10

David just celebrated his 18th birthday. From now on, he will be considered a young adult until he celebrates which birthday?

A) 25th
B) 30th
C) 35th
D) 40th

Question 11

Middle adulthood spans the period between ages

A) 25-50.
B) 30-45.
C) 40-64.
D) 50-65.

Question 12

Emerging adulthood is the period between ages

A) 16-18
B) 18-21
C) 18-25
D) 21-25

Question 13

Developmental researchers would classify Cooper's great-grandfather as oldest-old. That means he must be at least how old?

A) 75
B) 80
C) 85
D) 90

Question 14

The Quincea-era celebration marks a Spanish____ ___transition into adulthood at age____ ___

A) boy's; 13
B) boy's; 15
C) girl's; 13
D) girl's; 15

Question 15

Joel, a young boy who lives with his parents in a small town just outside of Chicago, just celebrated his bar mitzvah, a ceremony marking his transition into manhood. Society, however, is unlikely to regard him as an adult because he is

A) not self-sufficient.
B) too young to vote.
C) unable to obtain a driver's license.
D) under the age of 18.

Question 16

In China, a person is considered an adult when he or she

A) gets married.
B) becomes self-sufficient.
C) reaches age 18.
D) reaches age 21.

Question 17

What percentage of those between ages 18-25 considers themselves to be adults?

A) 25
B) 40
C) 75
D) 99

Question 18

The main reason that the transition to adulthood is lengthening is that young adults today

A) are less mature and lazier than their earlier counterparts.
B) have a longer life expectancy, meaning that every period is longer.
C) require more time to educate themselves in order to become self-sufficient.
D) need to live up to stricter standards of what it means to be an adult.

Question 19

All of the following are factors in the lengthening transition to adulthood except

A) young people are less sexually mature than people their age were in the past.
B) young people are entering the workforce at a later age than people their age did in the past.
C) young people are deferring marriage until a later age than people their age did in the past.
D) young people are getting more education than people their age did in the past.

Question 20

Gordon has rich parents, but his friend Rick comes from a poor family. By the time both are 25 years old, it's likeliest that

A) Gordon will have kids.
B) Gordon will be working full time.
C) Rick will be in graduate school.
D) Rick will be married.

Question 21

The average male will reach his maximum height in his

A) early teens.
B) late teens.
C) early 20s.
D) late 20s.

Question 22

Rhoda, a typical 18-year-old college student, will probably continue to gain muscle mass for about how many more years?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 20

Question 23

Of the following body systems, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, neuroendocrine, and digestive, which, if any, will reach greatest capacity in young adulthood?

A) All
B) None
C) Only cardiovascular and immune
D) Only digestive and respiratory

Question 24

The senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, and balance) are most acute at which stage of life?

A) Adolescence
B) Late adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Young adulthood

Question 25

Senescence refers to

A) brain changes caused by senility.
B) a community of retired seniors.
C) normal aging.
D) the stage of life inhabited by the oldest-old.

Question 26

The automatic changes the body makes in order to maintain equilibrium are termed

A) interindividual variability.
B) homeostasis.
C) maturing out.
D) senescence.

Question 27

Now that she's in her 20s, Lisa finds that it takes her body longer to get used to the temperature of the pool than it did when she was in her teens. This is likely due to a slowing down of her body's

A) oxytocin activity.
B) homeostasis.
C) maturing out.
D) senescence.

Question 28

Of the following, who is least likely to be obese?

A) A Native American young adult
B) A white young adult
C) A Hispanic young adult
D) An African-American young adult

Question 29

Which of the following is true about Type-2 diabetes?

A) It is not connected to obesity.
B) It is not considered a life-threatening illness.
C) It is also known as child-onset diabetes
D) It is becoming much more common among children and adolescents.

Question 30

What contributes to more fatal accidents and injuries in young adulthood than in later periods?

A) Alcohol
B) Cigarettes
C) Vision problems
D) Muscle weakness

Question 31

Theodore, an 18-year-old college freshman, often engages in binge drinking and is a chain smoker. As he matures into young adulthood, his binge drinking is likely to____ ___, and his smoking habit is likely to____ ___.

A) decrease; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; increase.
D) increase; increase

Question 32

Paul, a 24-year-old has been binge drinking and chain smoking since he was 18. As he matures into his mid- and late-20s, what is the likely trajectory of those risky habits?

A) Both will decline slowly.
B) The binge drinking will decline rapidly, and the chain smoking will decline slowly.
C) Both will continue at the same rate as in the present.
D) The binge drinking will decline slowly but the chain smoking will continue.

Question 33

Alexandra matured out when she decided

A) not to bring her beloved teddy bear along when she moved into the college dorm.
B) to switch from drinking nonalcoholic to alcoholic beverages when out on dates.
C) that she was too old for scouting when she celebrated her 18th birthday.
D) to give up smoking when she found out that she was pregnant.

Question 34

For smokers and people on high-fat diets, the first warning that cardiovascular disease is developing is

A) chest pain.
B) elevated cholesterol.
C) shortness of breath.
D) the formation of plaque in arteries.

Question 35

Which of the following is a consequence of plaque forming in the walls of coronary arteries?

A) An increased flow of oxygen to the heart
B) Lowered cholesterol levels
C) Sudden weight loss
D) Shortness of breath

Question 36

Of the following, the person most at risk for death by homicide is

A) a 20-year-old African-American female.
B) a 25-year-old African-American male.
C) a 40-year-old African-American female.
D) a 40-two-year-old African-American male.

Question 37

Of the following, the person most likely to have health insurance is

A) a member of an ethnic minority.
B) a college student.
C) a poor person.
D) an uneducated person.

Question 38

Which of the following is true about sexual behavior in young adulthood?

A) Approximately half of young people become sexually active by age 25.
B) Nearly all 18-year-olds are sexually active.
C) Nearly all 25-year-olds are sexually active.
D) There are more young adults who abstain from sexual activity than who are sexually active.

Question 39

When it comes to sex, there is a gender difference in that females are more likely to

A) be selective when it comes to choosing sexual partners.
B) be accepting of casual sex.
C) report having had more sexual partners.
D) report having greater sexual desire.

Question 40

Which hormone is involved in nurturing behavior and sexual excitement and orgasm among women?

A) Adrenaline
B) Estrogen
C) Oxytocin
D) Testosterone

Question 41

Compared to lesbians, gay men are more likely to

A) care about monogamy in their relationship.
B) be accepting of casual sex.
C) desire emotional closeness in a relationship.
D) report fewer sexual partners.

Question 42

Most researchers believe that sexual orientation

A) has nothing to do with heredity.
B) is determined by biological, cognitive, and environmental factors.
C) results from inverted sex roles.
D) reflects psychological maladjustment.

Question 43

Zelda is a typical lesbian and is currently in a relationship. It is likely that she

A) had her first same-sex relationship in adolescence.
B) has masculine traits.
C) is psychologically maladjusted.
D) was initially a friend of her lover.

Question 44

Compared to the sexual orientation of males, females' sexual orientation is more

A) fluid.
B) heritable.
C) inflexible.
D) time-bound.

Question 45

Which of the following correctly characterizes young adults' attitude toward condoms?

A) They do not recognize that condoms offer protection during sexual intercourse.
B) They are more likely to use condoms to prevent STIs than to prevent pregnancy.
C) They often allow sexual partners to talk them out of using condoms.
D) They use condoms consistently and correctly.

Question 46

The most frequently reported STI is

A) Chlamydia.
B) Human Papilloma Virus.
C) Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
D) syphilis.

Question 47

Your friend just confided in you that she has Chlamydia. You correctly advise her that

A) it is one of the rarest sexually transmitted infections.
B) she has nothing to worry about because it'll cure itself.
C) she should see her doctor for an antibiotics prescription.
D) there is no known treatment for it.

Question 48

The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is riskier than Chlamydia because

A) it is more widespread.
B) if untreated, it can lead to infertility.
C) its symptoms include extreme discomfort and pain.
D) it is the major cause of cervical cancer.

Question 49

To date, the AIDS epidemic has killed approximately how many people worldwide?

A) 1 million
B) 4 million
C) 8 million
D) 16 million

Question 50

Which of the following is true about rape?

A) About 5 percent of women surveyed report that they have been raped.
B) It always involves forced vaginal intercourse.
C) It is one of the most underreported crimes.
D) Most rapes of young adult females are committed by strangers.

Question 51

Which of the following is true about infertility?

A) It is defined as failing to conceive a child after 6 months of trying.
B) It affects about 25 percent of couples in the United States.
C) It is less common now than it used to be among married couples.
D) It is usually caused by biological, rather than psychological, conditions.

Question 52

After trying unsuccessfully for a year to have a baby, 30-year-old Dawn and her husband decided to try in vitro fertilization. Consequently, Dawn will experience which of the following?

A) Donor sperm will be injected into her uterus.
B) She will have a 75 percent chance of getting pregnant.
C) Eggs will be extracted from her ovaries.
D) Fertilized eggs will grow in the lab for a week before being transferred to her uterus.

Question 53

When Miranda talked to her doctor about her failure to become pregnant, he informed her that she and her husband Todd were experiencing one of the most common causes of infertility, namely,

A) blocked fallopian tubes.
B) high sperm count.
C) psychological stress.
D) inadequate sexual skills.

Question 54

Donor insemination is successful in

A) almost all cases.
B) about 25 percent of cases.
C) about 50 percent of cases.
D) about 75 percent of cases.

Question 55

Sonia is 41 years old and considering in vitro fertilization. You, her good friend, wisely advise her to

A) forget about it, as there's only a 4 percent chance that it will work.
B) go ahead, as there are no down sides even if it doesn't work.
C) go ahead, as the chances of her getting pregnant are 30-40 percent.
D) go ahead, as the chance of her getting pregnant is 75 percent.

Question 56

Piaget believed that the cognitive development of young adults reached the____ ___operational stage, whereas today researchers believe that it____ ___.

A) formal; cannot develop to that extent.
B) formal; can go beyond that stage.
C) postformal; cannot develop to that extent.
D) postformal; can go beyond that stage.

Question 57

Jesse, a graduate engineering student, is able to engage in more complex thought than he did during adolescence thanks to two biological processes ongoing in his brain: synaptic pruning and

A) metacognition.
B) homeostasis.
C) myelination.
D) senescence.

Question 58

What happens to neurons when they undergo myelination?

A) They lose unneeded synaptic connections.
B) They gain extra synaptic connections.
C) The insulation around them decreases.
D) The insulation around them increases.

Question 59

Postformal thought can be characterized as being all of the following except

A) relativistic.
B) integrated with emotion.
C) pragmatic.
D) intolerant of ambiguity.

Question 60

Four women were discussing global warming and the role individuals should play in helping preserve the environment for future generations. Which one of the women displayed metacognition?

A) Ann, who said, "I didn't cause the mess, so I'm not going to inconvenience myself to clean it up."
B) Jamie, who said, "I, for one, am helping the ozone layer by giving up hairspray."
C) Marina, who asked, "Do you really think that anything we do would make a bit of a difference?"
D) Renee, who asked herself, "Let me see...what do I really think about this topic?"

Question 61

When Linda considered her feelings about the job offer at the same time that she reviewed the logical reasons for accepting or turning it down, she was demonstrating

A) cognitive-affective complexity.
B) intolerance of ambiguity.
C) concrete thinking.
D) relativistic thinking.

Question 62

Pragmatic thinking means aiming for a solution that

A) is flawless.
B) is ideal.
C) will fit perfectly.
D) will work.

Question 63

"What's your idea of a perfect vacation?" asked Joey. Relativistic thinking was evident in Brian's answer when he said,

A) "It's hard to say. Never gave it much thought. I can tell you my idea of the worst vacation."
B) "It depends on who I'm with. With the guys, the perfect vacation would involve a casino, but with my girlfriend, the perfect vacation would involve a quiet beach."
C) "Any vacation is a perfect vacation, as long as I'm away from work."
D) "I used to think it was anyplace that's warm enough for swimming in the winter. But then I learned to ski, so now I like cold places better."

Question 64

In young adulthood, reflective thinking is facilitated by the further development of

A) cognitive-affective complexity.
B) pragmatic thinking.
C) metacognition.
D) relativistic thinking.

Question 65

Not all researchers agree that cognitive development in adulthood is characterized by

A) distinct stages.
B) metacognition.
C) relativistic thinking.
D) reflective thinking.

Question 66

At the resort, four married couples were having arguments over which activities to pursue. The couple who was most likely to effectively solve the conflict was

A) Jay and Joyce, who manifested low cognitive-affective complexity.
B) Bob and Barbara, who integrated reason and emotion.
C) Doug and Diana, who used intuitive reasoning exclusively.
D) Fred and Felicia, who reasoned with pure logical arguments.

Question 67

In one study (Blanchard-Fields, 1986), high school students, college students, and middle-aged adults were asked to generate solutions to three hypothetical dilemmas that varied in the extent to which they were emotionally charged. What was a finding of the study?

A) College students exhibited the best reasoning overall.
B) College students surpassed the middle-aged participants but only when the dilemmas were emotionally charged.
C) Middle-aged participants exhibited the best reasoning but only when the dilemmas were emotionally charged.
D) Middle-aged participants exhibited the best reasoning, followed by the college students, who surpassed the high school students but only for problems that were emotionally charged.

Question 68

The fact that adolescents find it hard to integrate emotion and cognition might explain their susceptibility to

A) adolescent egocentrism.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) risk-taking behavior.
D) the personal fable.

Question 69

Lawrence Kohlberg is the most well-known proponent of the view that moral judgment involves

A) genetic predisposition.
B) intuition.
C) altruistic tendencies.
D) reasoning.

Question 70

According to Kohlberg, the highest level of moral development is the

A) conventional stage.
B) postformal operational stage.
C) postconventional stage.
D) preconventional stage

Question 71

At the postconventional level, people solve moral dilemmas by relying on

A) external standards.
B) conventional wisdom.
C) personal moral codes.
D) society's laws.

Question 72

When a conflict exists between law and conscience, people at the postconventional level might ask themselves,

A) "What would make others think well of me?"
B) "What makes for a good society?"
C) "What would everyone else do in this situation?"
D) "What should I do as a law-abiding citizen?"

Question 73

In the "Heinz dilemma," not stealing drugs because you might get punished and sent to jail reflects what type of moral reasoning?

A) Conventional
B) Preconventional
C) Concrete
D) Postconventional

Question 74

In the "Heinz dilemma," stealing drugs because human life takes precedence over written laws reflects what type of moral reasoning?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postformal
D) Postconventional

Question 75

When presented with the "Heinz dilemma," Mark, who is at the postconventional level of moral development, answers, "I think he should

A) not steal drugs because people would think he was a criminal."
B) not steal drugs because stealing is bad, regardless of the reason."
C) steal drugs because laws are sometimes unjust."
D) steal drugs because his wife will be grateful if he did so."

Question 76

How common is advanced moral reasoning among young adults?

A) Extremely common: almost every young adult uses advanced moral reasoning.
B) Very common: about 3 out of 4 young adults appear to use advanced moral reasoning.
C) Somewhat common: close to half of young adults appear to use advanced moral reasoning.
D) Uncommon: only about 1 in 10 young adults appears to use advanced moral reasoning.

Question 77

Gilligan explained the gender difference in moral reasoning as follows: males are more interested in____ ___, whereas women are more interested in____ ___ .

A) care and compassion; principles of justice
B) a reasonable solution; an intuitive fix
C) principles of justice; care and compassion
D) an intuitive fix; a reasonable solution

Question 78

Research on Gilligan's ideas about how men and women approach moral ethical dilemmas has shown that women

A) are less advanced in moral reasoning than men are.
B) and men use the same bases for moral judgment.
C) are more inclined to solve moral dilemmas using female intuition than reason.
D) value care and compassion above fairness when confronted with moral dilemmas.

Question 79

Cross-cultural research on Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning has

A) not shown support for any such stages in other cultures.
B) found universal support for all of the stages.
C) found universal support for only the first three stages
D) found that Stage 6 is much more common than Kohlberg suggested.

Question 80

Kohlberg's theory was criticized for neglecting which component of moral judgment?

A) Emotion
B) Logic
C) Altruism
D) Reasoning