Deck 3: Culture and Socialization

Question 1

Studies involving pregnant women have shown that "socialization begins before birth." Which of the following examples illustrates this finding?

A) Reading to the unborn child is correlated with earlier language acquisition.
B) Mothers' prenatal talk to the female or male fetus reflects gender stereotypes.
C) Playing classical music to the unborn child slows its heartbeat.
D) Mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy is related to mental retardation in the newborn.

Answer 1

Mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy is related to mental retardation in the newborn.

Question 2

Which of the following best illustrates the skills acquired though informal learning, rather than formal schooling?

A) Somali children accurately memorize the placement of familiar objects, but make errors in memorizing the placement of unfamiliar objects.
B) Bilingual children accurately address monolingual children in the appropriate language.
C) Street children in Brazil accurately perform mathematical calculations in daily life, but make errors when solving math problems on paper.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

Bilingual children accurately address monolingual children in the appropriate language.

Question 3

As discussed in the text, co-sleeping is

A) several siblings sleeping in the same bed.
B) a child sleeping in the bed with the parent.
C) a husband and wife sleeping in the same bed.
D) one or more children sleeping in the bed with the grandparent.

Answer 3

a child sleeping in the bed with the parent.

Question 4

The term guided participation, compared to other theories of socialization, emphasized the fact that _____have/has a great impact on a child's socialization.

A) parents
B) the child (him- or herself)
C) one's ethnic group
D) the media

Question 5

Immigrants and children of immigrants experience a unique shift in the ecological system and developmental niche, influencing their socialization in relation to their culture of origin and their new culture. Overall, the socialized values of second-generation immigrants most closely resemble the values of

A) the same generation of non-immigrants in their new culture.
B) first generation immigrants (their parents) in their new culture.
C) the same generation in their original culture.
D) the previous generation of non-immigrants.

Question 6

Several factors influence whether a baby is breast-fed or bottle-fed. Some studies have suggested that long-term breastfeeding:

A) increases the risk of infant mortality.
B) reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in mothers.
C) halts cognitive development in babies.
D) all of the above

Question 7

Consuela and her parents immigrated from Argentina to Canada when she was 14. When at home, she obeys her parents and conforms to the traditional role of the oldest girl in the family. When at school or with her friends, she explores new activities such as acting and playing softball, sometimes against the wishes of her parents. Consuela's situation illustrates the concept of

A) acculturation.
B) acculturative stress.
C) socialization dissonance.
D) socialization ambiguity.

Question 8

Greg, who lives in the United States, is 27 years old. He has been in college for several years and cannot decide on a major. In Erikson's terms, he has not established an identity, but rather is in a state of

A) disillusionment.
B) anomie.
C) role confusion.
D) despair.

Question 9

According to Erik Erikson, individuals pass through eight _______stages in which a "crisis" occurs. As the crisis is resolved, a virtue is achieved.

A) psychological
B) psychosexual
C) psychosocial
D) psychohistorical

Question 10

Two major developmental theorists who are discussed in the text attribute significant developmental changes to the years of adulthood. They are Erikson and

A) Hall.
B) Kohler.
C) Vygotsky.
D) Piaget.

Question 11

According to the text, parents play a primary role in the assignment of settings and routines for sleep. Harkness and Super reported that in the Kipsigis (Kenyan) study (1995), after the birth of a younger child, the next-to-youngest child

A) no longer sleeps at the mother's front but rather at her back.
B) no longer sleeps with the mother and other siblings.
C) begins to sleep with the older siblings, not with the mother.
D) sleeps with the newborn, but not with the mother or older siblings.

Question 12

Ramao is eighteen months old and lives with his five older brothers and two sisters in a small village two miles east of Honduras. He enjoys crawling away from his mother's lap and charging into his pile of toy blocks. According to Erikson, Ramao is in the stage of

A) trust vs. mistrust.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) initiative vs. guilt.
D) industry vs. inferiority.

Question 13

Based on the textbook authors' interpretation of Erikson's theory, which of the following types of people would be unlikely to resolve the intimacy vs. isolation crisis in a positive way?

A) a Catholic nun
B) a Catholic priest
C) a Buddhist monk
D) none of the above; any of these people could resolve the crisis in a positive way

Question 14

Aziz is learning how to build kites in Indonesia. He has been observing his grandfather spin the batik cloth that is used to make the kite and helping him to construct the bamboo poles that hold the kite together. According to Cushner, this kind of learning is known as

A) formal learning.
B) informal learning.
C) ritualized learning.
D) freestyle learning.

Question 15

An experience common to many Native American tribes in North America involves adolescent males being taken into a "sweat lodge" where a medicine man helps purify their body and spirit. According to the authors, this rite of passage is known as

A) ancestry quest.
B) vision quest.
C) cleansing quest.
D) earth quest.

Question 16

As a cross-cultural psychologist, you are interested in comparing variations in cultural sleeping arrangements in Costa Rica and North America. Using the research findings reported by Super and Harkness, from their work among the Kipsigis farming families in the highlands of rural Kenya, discuss some of the differences you might expect to find in these two societies using Lerner's developmental contextual theory.

Question 17

Chapter 3 discussed rites of passage that mark the transition from childhood to adolescence. Describe rites of passage in two cultures. Discuss how these rites aid in identity formation (Erikson's concept).

Question 18

As the principal of a private high school in Ayer, Massachusetts, you are preparing your annual report for the school board and parents. In your report, you wish to address growing concerns over poor math and science skills. Based on the reading in Chapter 3, discuss how the socialization aspect of informal learning may contribute to better math and science skills. Give examples of informal contexts in which math and science skills are used.