Deck 8: Culture and Issues of Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Alfonso is quick to forgive his son when he is mischievous, saying "boys will be boys." His daughter, on the other hand, is frequently disciplined for minor offenses. Alfonso clearly favors the _________explanation for gender differences in behavior.

A) socialization
B) evolutionary
C) biological
D) ecological

Answer 1

biological

Question 2

Research suggests that the preference for same sex playmates is

A) present in North America and Europe only.
B) universal.
C) present in Asian cultures only.
D) present in African cultures only.

Answer 2

universal.

Question 3

According to the text, "acquired behavioral and psychological aspects of being a woman or man" defines which of the following terms?

A) gender ideal
B) sex
C) gender
D) sex adaptation

Answer 3

gender

Question 4

According to the text, the single most all-encompassing theoretical model to explain sex and gender differences in society is

A) the biological model, which considers gendered behavior a result of underlying biological and physiological processes.
B) the evolutionary model, which describes gendered behavior as a result of evolutionary adaptation.
C) the socialization and learning model, in which gendered behavior is learned by the individual within a specific sociocultural context.
D) not any one of the above perspectives.

Question 5

Gibbons and Stiles, in their studies of the "ideal woman" and "ideal man" in different societies, found which of the following connections between "feminine" and "masculine" values and gender role ideals?

A) Men were portrayed in less traditional roles in masculine cultures.
B) Women were portrayed in less traditional roles in masculine cultures.
C) Both women and men were portrayed in traditional roles in masculine cultures.
D) Both women and men were portrayed in traditional roles in feminine cultures.

Question 6

Jessica and Jarrat grew up experiencing traditional gender role socialization, which promoted stereotypical gender role behavior. According to Williams and Best's research on gender role stereotypes in different cultures, Jessica and Jarrat will have acquired these gender stereotypes by______ years of age.

A) three
B) six
C) eight
D) twelve

Question 7

There is clear evidence that females show more aggression than men

A) in those cultures that encourage aggressive behaviors in both genders.
B) in those cultures that exhibit lower testosterone levels in women than in men.
C) in those cultures that exhibit lower testosterone levels in men than in women.
D) in certain situations, for example, protecting offspring from predators.

Question 8

The Confucian virtue, the Rule of Three Obediences, means obedience to

A) parents, grandparents, and parents-in-law.
B) God, parents, and teachers.
C) parents, husbands, and the State.
D) fathers, husbands, and sons.

Question 9

The chastity norm for women is most often found in those cultures that are:

A) patriarchal.
B) polytheistic.
C) Protestant.
D) matriarchal.

Question 10

Underlying cultural values are believed to influence what people look for in a love relationship. For example, Juran, who lives in a culture that emphasizes collectivism, considers the ideal relationship to be one characterized by

A) friendship and caring for each other.
B) mutual attraction and passion.
C) long-term commitment.
D) independence.

Question 11

According to traditional Hindu beliefs,

A) neither men nor women are permitted to remarry after widowhood.
B) a man may divorce a woman by declaring "I divorce thee" to the woman.
C) women are allowed to remarry after divorce.
D) widowhood for women carries a social stigma.

Question 12

Modernization and changes in the different levels of the ecological system in formerly traditional societies have brought changes in gender roles across generations, making them more similar to those in "westernized" cultures. Researchers who examined the modernization of the Tiriki in Kenya and the Irigwe in Nigeria have observed that

A) female elders have lost status in their communities.
B) young men have lost status in their communities.
C) young women have gained status in their communities.
D) all of the above are true

Question 13

Sunana bojo ne ("My name is Bojo") is a game played primarily by girls in Nigeria. This gender specific game promotes which behaviors consistent with the Nigerian gender role stereotype for women?

A) cooperation
B) nurturance of infants
C) oral communication
D) submissiveness

Question 14

Which of the following attitudes is consistent with teachings of the Quran?

A) Women are naturally inferior to men.
B) Divorce is encouraged for men and disallowed for women.
C) Divorce is disallowed for both sexes.
D) Marriage is an equal partnership between husband and wife.

Question 15

Irina is a supervisor in a Russian paper factory. At home, she is also in charge of the household chores and child care. When she is with her husband, Sergej, and their friends, Irina lets him take charge, make decisions, and talk on her behalf. This seemingly contradictory behavior is most likely explained by which of the following?

A) Gender differences in temperament.
B) Irina has not acquired the appropriate gender role of her culture.
C) There are different norms for gender role behavior on the micro- and exosystem level.
D) Sergei has not acquired the appropriate gender role of his culture.

Question 16

Discuss why the attempt to clearly classify all individuals into two mutually exclusive categories of sex and two of gender is considered artificial by some researchers.

Question 17

Comment on how feminine or masculine behavioral norms may permeate all levels of an individual's ecological system. Give examples to support your answer.

Question 18

Researchers who study the traditional cultures of Africa argue that modernization has altered the gender roles of several generations. Describe what changes accompany modernization and how they affect older and younger women and men on different levels of their ecological system.