Deck 3: Causes of Juvenile Crime

Question 1

The Classical School argues that ________.

A) punishment would deter criminal behavior, provided it was made appropriate to the crime
B) the characteristics of individuals should be taken into consideration with the punishments they should receive
C) humans do not have free will and are governed by theological determinism
D) human beings are governed by static calculus

Answer 1

punishment would deter criminal behavior, provided it was made appropriate to the crime

Question 2

Rational choice theory in criminology recently ________.

A) applied more to juveniles than adults
B) moved away from a strictly rational reasoning model for rational thought
C) moved toward a very strict reasoning and rational model of criminal behavior
D) held that individuals do not have free will

Answer 2

moved away from a strictly rational reasoning model for rational thought

Question 3

Which of the following is True of positivism as it applies to juvenile justice?

A) It argues that criminal and non-criminal youths are the same type of person.
B) It focuses on the power of positive thinking in treating juveniles.
C) It rejects the view that the individual exercises freedom, possesses reason, and is capable of making choices.
D) It argues that individuals are able to discern and apply reason.

Answer 3

It rejects the view that the individual exercises freedom, possesses reason, and is capable of making choices.

Question 4

A judge who imposes a strict sentence upon a criminal in hopes that other criminals who hear about it will choose not to commit a similar crime has exercised what type of deterrence?

A) direct
B) just deserts
C) specific
D) general

Question 5

Positivist reformers, feeling confident they knew how to find its cause, set out to deal with the problem of delinquency and looked at which of the following factors?

A) bio-social, economical, and deterministic
B) bio-psychological, physiological, and scientific
C) medical, social, and instrumental
D) environmental, biological, and psychological

Question 6

If you were to predict inner qualities from people's physical appearance, you would be a proponent of which of the following studies?

A) psychoanalytic
B) socio-analogy
C) physiognomy
D) psychiatry

Question 7

Which of the following would best describe the positivist approach?

A) The Freudian approach holds the major insights into human behavior.
B) Human behavior can be modified to ameliorate crime.
C) The cause of crime is free will and cannot be discovered.
D) Delinquents and non-delinquents are basically the same.

Question 8

Which of the following theories posits that individuals do NOT exercise freedom when committing criminal or delinquent acts?

A) deterministic view
B) felicific calculus
C) free will
D) biological positivism

Question 9

One of the flaws in Wilson's and Herrnstein's approach is ________.

A) that their theory basically rejects the complex mechanisms of society as contributing to delinquency
B) its inability to relate the approach to variables such as gender, age, schools, communities, and labor markets
C) it combines biosocial and psychological research with rational choice theory
D) it takes the social context of crime into consideration which is inconsistent

Question 10

A 10-year-old's inability to control sexual and aggressive drives would be best explained by which theory?

A) reinforcement
B) psychoanalytical
C) social process
D) rational choice

Question 11

Each of these psychologists took the insights of psychoanalysis and applied them to the situations of delinquents, EXCEPT for whom?

A) William Healy
B) Kate Friedlander
C) Marcus Felson
D) August Aichhorn

Question 12

If you believed that the motivation to become involved in criminal activities is intrinsic in lower-class culture, you would be a proponent of which theory?

A) life style
B) psychoanalytical
C) biological
D) cultural deviance

Question 13

Which theory helps explain why a young male with tattoos and body piercings that is stopped often by police because of his appearance might turn to crime?

A) differential association
B) social control
C) containment
D) kabeling

Question 14

Which of the following refers to theories that examine the interactions between people and their environments?

A) social power theories
B) power conflict
C) social process theories
D) social strain

Question 15

Which of the following fields have linked environmental and genetic factors?

A) socio-economics
B) sociobiology
C) biochemistry
D) psychiatry

Question 16

Sociobiology has looked to neuropsychological factors in relation to ________.

A) temperament and negative behavior
B) disorders manifested in adults
C) sex-linked traits
D) social conditioning

Question 17

Which of the following paths would Moffitt argue is how delinquency proceeds?

A) early-onset, persistent offenders, and adolescence-limited offenders
B) late-onset, non-persistent offenders, and adolescence-limited offenders
C) late-onset, persistent offenders, and lifelong offenders
D) early-onset, persistent offenders, and lifelong offenders

Question 18

Which theory's initial impetus toward delinquency comes from a weakening of the person's bond to conventional society?

A) Karl Marx weakening theory
B) Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime.
C) Elliott and colleagues' integrated social process theory
D) Thornberry's interactional theory.

Question 19

What do longitudinal studies about delinquent careers usually reveal?

A) Males usually begin later than females.
B) They differ by gender.
C) Female members are less likely than male members to leave the gang if they have a child.
D) Males extend their careers much shorter into the adult years than females.

Question 20

Which of the following studies would work best for Life Course Criminology?

A) classical experimental studies
B) cross-sectional studies
C) longitudinal studies
D) sociobiological studies

Question 21

The psychological origins of delinquency came to be more widely accepted than either the environmental or the biological origins.

Question 22

The free-will view is that offenders decide rationally to commit crime.

Question 23

The study of physiognomy attempts to discern inner qualities through outward appearance.

Question 24

Jeremy Bentham, a nineteenth-century Italian forensic psychiatrist, is frequently regarded as the founder of biological positivism.

Question 25

Reinforcement theory states that behavior is governed by its consequent rewards and punishments, as reflected in the history of the individual.

Question 26

A psychopath is the opposite of a sociopath.

Question 27

Social control theory argues that the lower-class culture is characterized by a set of focal concerns, or values, that command widespread attention and a high degree of social involvement.

Question 28

Cultural deviance theory links delinquent behavior to the bond an individual has with conventional social groups, such as the family and the school.

Question 29

The Marxist perspective views the state and the law itself as ultimate tools of the economic interests of the ownership class.

Question 30

An explanatory model that expands and synthesizes traditional strain, social control, and social learning perspectives into a single paradigm is the integrated social process theory.

Question 31

General Theory of Crime defines lack of self-control as the common factor underlying problem behaviors.

Question 32

In Thornberry's interactional theory of delinquency, the initial impetus toward delinquency comes from a strengthening of the person's bond to conventional society.

Question 33

A turning point involves a gradual or dramatic change and may lead to a transition from one state, condition, or phase to another.

Question 34

The project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods lacked support from the National Institute of Justice.

Question 35

Longitudinal studies reveal that female delinquent careers usually begin earlier and extend longer into the adult years than males.

Question 36

According to ________, human behavior is but one more facet of a universe that is part of a natural order.

Question 37

The doctrine of free will was substituted for the widely accepted concept of theological ________, which saw humans as predestined to do certain actions.

Question 38

According to Lombroso, the born ________ was atavistic.

Question 39

In the second half of the twentieth century, sociobiologists began to link ________ and environmental factors.

Question 40

Sigmund Freud's ________ theory was based on a biological determinist view of human behavior.

Question 41

Social ________ theory views crime as resulting from the breakdown of social control.

Question 42

The cultural goal of American society, according to Merton, is ________.

Question 43

The two constructs of self-control and ________are intended to capture the simultaneous influence of external and internal restraints on behavior.

Question 44

________ control is the degree to which an individual is "vulnerable to the temptations of the moment."

Question 45

The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS) seeks to answer the question of what makes a neighborhood a ________ place to live?

Question 46

A gradual or dramatic change that leads to reshaping of a youth's life from one state to another is called a ________ point.

Question 47

Match each term with its description.

-Positivism

A) Human behavior is part of a natural order
B) Seeking a balance of pleasure and pain
C) Sociopath
D) Reverting to an earlier evolutionary time

Question 48

Match each term with its description.

-Atavism

A) Human behavior is part of a natural order
B) Seeking a balance of pleasure and pain
C) Sociopath
D) Reverting to an earlier evolutionary time

Question 49

Match each term with its description.

-Psychopath

A) Human behavior is part of a natural order
B) Seeking a balance of pleasure and pain
C) Sociopath
D) Reverting to an earlier evolutionary time

Question 50

Match each term with its description.

-Felicific calculus

A) Human behavior is part of a natural order
B) Seeking a balance of pleasure and pain
C) Sociopath
D) Reverting to an earlier evolutionary time

Question 51

Match each term with its description.

-Cesare Beccaria

A) Co-founder of social disorganization theory
B) Co-founder of the classical school
C) Psychoanalytic theorist
D) The father of criminology

Question 52

Match each term with its description.

-Cesare Lombroso

A) Co-founder of social disorganization theory
B) Co-founder of the classical school
C) Psychoanalytic theorist
D) The father of criminology

Question 53

Match each term with its description.

-Sigmund Freud

A) Co-founder of social disorganization theory
B) Co-founder of the classical school
C) Psychoanalytic theorist
D) The father of criminology

Question 54

Match each term with its description.

-Clifford R. Shaw

A) Co-founder of social disorganization theory
B) Co-founder of the classical school
C) Psychoanalytic theorist
D) The father of criminology

Question 55

Match each term with its description.

-Walter Reckless

A) Differential association theory
B) Labeling perspective
C) Social control theory
D) Containment theory

Question 56

Match each term with its description.

-Edwin Sutherland

A) Differential association theory
B) Labeling perspective
C) Social control theory
D) Containment theory

Question 57

Match each term with its description.

-Travis Hirschi

A) Differential association theory
B) Labeling perspective
C) Social control theory
D) Containment theory

Question 58

Match each term with its description.

-Edwin Lemert

A) Differential association theory
B) Labeling perspective
C) Social control theory
D) Containment theory

Question 59

What are the objectives of punishment according to Jeremy Bentham?

Question 60

Describe a psychopath.

Question 61

Briefly summarize why delinquency across the life course has become so important in studying the theories of juvenile crime.

Question 62

Which goal or philosophy of punishment (page 53 in the text) would a proponent of positivism likely support for a 19-year-old serial killer of 5 victims?

Question 63

Mark, a 15-year-old Hispanic male, lives in a low-income area where it is common for youth to join gangs and become involved in criminal activity. His family is religious and Mark is a youth leader at his church. He is the vice president in the school student council and competes on the school's debate team. He has several friends, including some that have arrest records, but he does not get involved in crime, nor gang activity. Which social theory would best explain why Mark refrains from criminal activity?