Deck 4: Gender and Juvenile Justice

Question 1

Which of the following is atypical of a female juvenile offender?

A) from an unstable family background
B) a history of healthy relationships with her parents, especially her father
C) 13 to 18 years old
D) mental health issues

Answer 1

a history of healthy relationships with her parents, especially her father

Question 2

The blocked opportunity concept is related to which of the following explanations of girls' delinquency?

A) psychological explanations
B) constitutional explanations
C) sociological explanations
D) biological explanations

Answer 2

sociological explanations

Question 3

Which of the following theories explains why offenders who experience stresses from high aspirations and lack of opportunity may commit crimes?

A) interactionist theory
B) routine activities theory
C) power-control theory
D) general strain theory

Answer 3

general strain theory

Question 4

Which of the following has addressed the innate female nature and its relationship to deviant behavior?

A) psychological explanations
B) constitutional explanations
C) biological explanations
D) sociological explanations

Question 5

Which of the following theories examines adolescent females' sexual and physical victimization at home and its relationship to crime?

A) masculinity hypothesis
B) feminist theory of delinquency
C) blocked opportunity theory
D) Interactionist theory of delinquency

Question 6

Which of the following choices is one of the reasons for female delinquency according to Chesney-Lind?

A) Girls are innately criminal minded but normally have more controls placed on them than boys.
B) They turn to crime to feel superior to the oppressive gender.
C) As girls run away from abusive homes characterized by sexual abuse and parental neglect, they are forced into the life of an escaped prisoner.
D) Crime is the means to gain the respect they have been stripped of by the dominant culture.

Question 7

Which of these choices is a reason why females who are on the streets due to impoverished homes turn to crimes that exploit their sexuality?

A) It is a subconscious way to self-defeat through guilt and shame.
B) The money they make is more than they have ever had and too hard to turn down.
C) They have an inner urge they can't resist once controls are removed.
D) Apart from their sexuality, these females have little value to trade and feel compelled to utilize their one resource.

Question 8

What is the likely reason why female runaways are forced to engage in panhandling, petty theft, and, often, prostitution to survive?

A) The person who harbors them forces them to do so.
B) They are unable to enroll in school or take a job to support themselves because of fear of detection.
C) to support their alcohol addiction
D) due to the early onset of shingles

Question 9

Which of the following is True regarding female use of drugs and alcohol?

A) Female high school seniors are less likely than male high school students to smoke cigarettes.
B) Comparative studies reveal an increase in gender differences among adolescent drug users in the past decade and a half.
C) Female and male high school seniors use alcohol and marijuana at about the same rates.
D) Presented with the opportunity to do drugs, females tended to use at higher rates than males.

Question 10

Which of the following did Phelps and colleagues determine through a survey of almost 200 female youths in the Wisconsin juvenile justice system?

A) Juvenile females were 16 percent less likely than boys to be arrested for a status offense.
B) A high percentage of inmates were street prostitutes who had been abused sexually as juveniles.
C) A direct link exists between female youths living in poverty and later criminal careers.
D) Approximately 79 percent had been subjected to physical abuse that resulted in some form of injury.

Question 11

In which of the following developmental paths of delinquency do the majority of male delinquents begin offending during their adolescent years and desist from delinquent behaviors around their eighteenth birthday?

A) adolescence-limited
B) life-course persistent
C) persistent offenders
D) early-onset

Question 12

Which of the following factors, affecting social construction of crime data on juvenile females' increased rates of violence, refers to zero tolerance policies?

A) bootstrapping
B) rediscovery
C) upcriming
D) relabeling

Question 13

Which of the following would be inaccurate regarding gender inequality and processing of the female delinquent?

A) Female status offenders are more likely than their male counterparts to be petitioned to formal court proceedings.
B) Many girls appear in court for criminal type offenses that had previously been classified as status offenses.
C) Adolescent females receive discriminatory treatment because of society's disapproval of sexual activity.
D) Girls are less likely to be detained and they're held for shorter periods than boys.

Question 14

Rosemary Sarri claimed that the attitudes and ideologies of juvenile justice practitioners administering the law might lead officials to give females longer sentences than males. Under what guise are such practitioners operating?

A) protecting family members from violent female siblings
B) punishing the parents of female juveniles
C) protecting the female juveniles
D) narrowing the gap between lower-class and middle-class delinquency rates

Question 15

Which of the following is a reason that discriminatory treatment of female status offenders may be declining?

A) the passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
B) fear of reprisal
C) changes in media protocols
D) altered hiring practices

Question 16

Which of the following is a True statement?

A) Judges are more likely to charge a male runaway for contempt than a female runaway.
B) The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act eliminated gender bias.
C) The act of contempt is not a criminal type offense, so no sentence of detention can be applied.
D) Evidence suggests that juvenile court judges apply their contempt powers more often to female status offenders than their male counterparts.

Question 17

The theory of cognitive transformation to explain desistance, or the dropping out of committing crime, was developed by whom?

A) Brown and Stein
B) Silbert and Pines
C) Chesney-Lind and Rodriguez
D) Peggy C. Giordano and her colleagues

Question 18

Which of the following would be accurate regarding the risks confronted by lower-class adolescent females, compared to middle and upper class adolescent females?

A) Lower-class females are more likely to attend college.
B) Lower-class females tend to have strong and supportive networks at home.
C) Lower-class females tend to have more unsatisfactory experiences at school.
D) Lower-class females tend to experience lower rates of sexual abuse.

Question 19

Which of the following is a form of exploitation by adolescent females?

A) medium institution
B) gender selection
C) class oppression
D) survival reaction

Question 20

Which of the following is a True statement?

A) Surprisingly few urban females identified by police as gang members have been drawn from low-income groups.
B) Researchers fail to examine or talk to girls about their economic and political situations.
C) Traditional theories successfully address the life situations of girls on the economic and political margins.
D) Bowker and Klein showed there was no correlation between class and racism.

Question 21

Substance abuse is highly correlated with early childhood sexual victimization, mostly among females of color.

Question 22

The feminist theory of delinquency examines adolescent females' sexual and physical victimization at home and the relationship between these experiences and their crimes.

Question 23

Biological and constitutional explanations of female delinquency focus on biopsychological vulnerability factors related to girls' delinquency.

Question 24

The feminist theory of delinquency argues that girls' victimization and the relationship between that experience and girls' crime are largely ignored.

Question 25

According to Meda Chesney-Lind, a major reason for girls' presence in juvenile court is their parents' insistence on their arrest.

Question 26

As girls run away from abusive homes characterized by sexual abuse and parental neglect, they are forced into the life of an escaped prisoner.

Question 27

Upcriming refers to policies, such as "zero tolerance policies,"
which have the effect of increasing the severity of criminal penalties associated with particular offenses, such as minor forms of fighting and school bullying.

Question 28

Female adolescents are more likely than male adolescents to be involved in heavy, or binge, drinking.

Question 29

The second Philadelphia cohort study found that females were two and a half times more likely than males to become involved in delinquent acts.

Question 30

Several studies have indicated that juvenile males are treated more harshly than females because of their sexual history.

Question 31

Females stay longer in detention and have longer stays in juvenile institutions than males for similar offenses.

Question 32

Female status offenders, as previously indicated, were more likely than their male counterparts to be confined in juvenile institutions.

Question 33

Adolescents from middle-class homes don't get into dire situations for economic survival if they run away from abusive environments.

Question 34

Longitudinal studies usually reveal that delinquent careers do not differ by gender.

Question 35

Traditional theories have consistently addressed the life situations of girls on the economic and political margins, because researchers make it a point to examine the situations or talk with these girls personally.

Question 36

North Carolina's Research Triangle Institute formed the girls ________ group with the goal of developing a research foundation that will enable communities to make sound decisions about how best to prevent and reduce delinquency and violence by girls.

Question 37

Those who support the gender ________ position usually examine social learning, delinquent peer relationships, social bonding, the family, and deterrence and strain.

Question 38

Chesney-Lind developed four ________ on the feminist theory of delinquency.

Question 39

The female theory of ________ addresses childhood victimization and the ways in which discrimination and oppression, based on a juvenile's race or gender, can shape experiences, options, and identity.

Question 40

The latest publication of the Monitoring the Future study indicates that the nation has experienced a "generation history gap"
in people's understanding of the harmful effects of ________.

Question 41

Silbert and Pines's study found that a high percentage of street ________ had been abused sexually as juveniles.

Question 42

Some evidence does exist that the discriminatory treatment of female status offenders may be ________ since the passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.

Question 43

Rosemary C.Sarri concluded that females have a greater probability of being detained and held for longer periods than males, even though the overwhelming majority of females are charged with ________ offenses.

Question 44

Class ________ is a form of exploitation experienced by an adolescent female.

Question 45

Lower-class adolescent females tend to confront higher ________ than middle- and upper-class adolescent females.

Question 46

Match each term with its description.

-North Carolina Research Triangle Institute

A) Founded Interactionist Theory of Delinquency
B) Formed the Girls Study Group
C) Proposed the power-control theory
D) Proposed a feminist theory of delinquency

Question 47

Match each term with its description.

-Meda Chesney-Lind

A) Founded Interactionist Theory of Delinquency
B) Formed the Girls Study Group
C) Proposed the power-control theory
D) Proposed a feminist theory of delinquency

Question 48

Match each term with its description.

-John Hagan

A) Founded Interactionist Theory of Delinquency
B) Formed the Girls Study Group
C) Proposed the power-control theory
D) Proposed a feminist theory of delinquency

Question 49

Match each term with its description.

-Karen Heimer

A) Founded Interactionist Theory of Delinquency
B) Formed the Girls Study Group
C) Proposed the power-control theory
D) Proposed a feminist theory of delinquency

Question 50

Match each term with its description.

-General Strain Theory

A) Females have more social bonds and less delinquency
B) Females accept that have less aspirations than males
C) Females tend to associate with are influenced by delinquents
D) High aspirations not attainable could cause delinquency

Question 51

Match each term with its description.

-Blocked Opportunity Theory

A) Females have more social bonds and less delinquency
B) Females accept that have less aspirations than males
C) Females tend to associate with are influenced by delinquents
D) High aspirations not attainable could cause delinquency

Question 52

Match each term with its description.

-Social Learning Theory

A) Females have more social bonds and less delinquency
B) Females accept that have less aspirations than males
C) Females tend to associate with are influenced by delinquents
D) High aspirations not attainable could cause delinquency

Question 53

Match each term with its description.

-Social Control Theory

A) Females have more social bonds and less delinquency
B) Females accept that have less aspirations than males
C) Females tend to associate with are influenced by delinquents
D) High aspirations not attainable could cause delinquency

Question 54

Match each term with its description.

-Class oppression

A) A book by Peggy Orenstein
B) A form of female exploitation
C) Changing status offenses to criminal charges
D) A theoretical approach by Freda Adler

Question 55

Match each term with its description.

-Bootstrapping

A) A book by Peggy Orenstein
B) A form of female exploitation
C) Changing status offenses to criminal charges
D) A theoretical approach by Freda Adler

Question 56

Match each term with its description.

-Schoolgirls

A) A book by Peggy Orenstein
B) A form of female exploitation
C) Changing status offenses to criminal charges
D) A theoretical approach by Freda Adler

Question 57

Match each term with its description.

-Masculinity Hypothesis

A) A book by Peggy Orenstein
B) A form of female exploitation
C) Changing status offenses to criminal charges
D) A theoretical approach by Freda Adler

Question 58

Describe a typical female juvenile offender.

Question 59

Explain Chesney-Lind's propositions on the feminist theory of delinquency.

Question 60

List and explain the reasons as to why the juvenile justice system treats female adolescent offenders unfairly, especially those who end up in juvenile institutions.

Question 61

A 15-year-old female appeared in front of a judge for her first offense, which was a misdemeanor assault charge against another student at her school. A 16- year-old male also appeared in front of the same judge for his 1st offense of theft. One of the defendants got probation and the other was sentenced to detention. Based on cohort studies, which defendant would likely be the one who was placed on probation?

Question 62

A 16-year-old female and her 17-year-old boyfriend were arrested for burglary and theft. It was a first offense for both juveniles. The judge sentenced the female to 1 year of detention, but let her boyfriend off easier with only 6 months of detention. Which corollaries of gender inequality on page 82 in the text best explain what happened?