Deck 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The concrete operational stage of cognitive development is characterized by the active and appropriate use of __________.

A) sensory information
B) symbolic representations
C) logic
D) egocentric thought

Answer 1

logic

Question 2

Franci is working on a problem for her math class in which she needs to calculate the winner of a road race. She needs to consider the distance each car traveled, the amount of time each driver drove, and the speed of each car. Before moving into the concrete operational stage, Franci would never have been able to tackle this problem, but now she can focus on multiple aspects of the problem, an ability known as __________.

A) conservation
B) reversibility
C) decentering
D) animism

Answer 2

decentering

Question 3

According to __________, the fact that school-age children can move from simple addition and subtraction to fractions and decimals demonstrates the belief that cognitive development is the process of becoming more sophisticated in handling information.

A) Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B) Vygotsky's sociocultural approach to cognitive development
C) information-processing approaches
D) Gardner's theory of intelligence

Answer 3

information-processing approaches

Question 4

When Molly's teacher asked her to go to the office with a message, she was a bit concerned that she might forget part of the message. As soon as Molly left the classroom, she started to sing the message over and over until she arrived at the office. Molly used a strategy to improve her memory that is known as __________.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) organization
C) rehearsal
D) retrieval

Question 5

Which of the following educational innovations came about because of Vygotsky's work?

A) cognitive elaboration
B) cooperative learning
C) decentering
D) control strategies

Question 6

A major development in language skills during middle childhood is the child's ability to understand his or her own use of language. This increased awareness is also known as __________.

A) the theory of mind
B) metacognition
C) metamemory
D) metalinguistic awareness

Question 7

Psychologist Daniel Goleman has advocates teaching emotional literacy in schools to promote self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. This program is referred to as __________.

A) fluid intelligence
B) interpersonal intelligence
C) metalinguistic awareness
D) emotional intelligence

Question 8

Education that has as a goal that students from minority cultures will develop competence in the majority culture while maintaining a positive ethnic identity is known as __________.

A) multicultural education
B) pluralistic society model
C) cultural assimilation model
D) subculture acceptance model

Question 9

Leo scored a 105 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Based on this score, we can predict that Leo is __________.

A) below average
B) average
C) above average
D) gifted

Question 10

According to Piaget, during the concrete operational stage, children apply __________ thinking to __________ concepts.

A) logical; concrete
B) logical; abstract
C) abstract; concrete
D) illogical; concrete

Question 11

According to Piaget, the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account occurs when children are __________.

A) more egocentric
B) less egocentric
C) able to master reversibility
D) able to master conservation

Question 12

According to Piaget, __________ is the notion that processes that transform a stimulus can be reversed, returning the stimulus to its original form.

A) centration
B) decentering
C) reversibility
D) conservation

Question 13

Seven-year-old Adriana ran in from school and shouted, "Hey, Mom did you know that 2 + 3 is the same as 3 + 2?" Adriana is demonstrating __________.

A) centration
B) decentering
C) reversibility
D) conservation

Question 14

Cross-cultural research has revealed that children in non-Western cultures __________.

A) can learn to conserve, if they receive training
B) do not understand conservation tasks, even with training
C) solve conservation tasks at an earlier age than Piaget predicted
D) solve conservation tasks at the same age as western European children

Question 15

__________ memory is the term for the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.

A) Sensory
B) Short-term
C) Working
D) Long-term

Question 16

Eight-year-old Georgia Ann's best friend Hope is telling Georgia Ann how to get to her house. In the middle of the directions, Georgia Ann says, "Hope, I can't remember all this; I need to write this down." Georgia Ann is demonstrating that she is capable of __________.

A) metamemory
B) rehearsal
C) organization
D) memory

Question 17

The consistent repetition of information that children wish to remember is known as __________.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) control strategies
C) organization
D) rehearsal

Question 18

Arturo does not have a piece of paper or a pen to write down his friend's telephone number, so he repeats the number over and over until he is able to get to the telephone and dial his friend's number. This is an example of __________.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) autobiographical memory
C) keyword strategy
D) rehearsal

Question 19

Recently, researchers used fMRI scans to study children's math skills. They discovered that __________ is important in the development of math skill.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) organization
C) finger counting
D) rehearsal

Question 20

In the ___________, one word is paired with another that sounds like it.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) control strategy
C) keyword strategy
D) rehearsal

Question 21

Putting information into categories in order to remember that information is called __________.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) control strategy
C) organization
D) rehearsal

Question 22

Lachelle and her mother are playing a memory game. Lachelle's mother says, "Apple, chair, hammer, nail, table, banana," and so on. It is now Lachelle's turn to recall the list of items. Lachelle finds that if she groups the items into categories like fruits, tools, and furniture, she tends to remember more items than if she simply repeats them in the order her mother calls them out. This is an example of __________.

A) cognitive elaboration
B) control strategy
C) organization
D) rehearsal

Question 23

__________ is the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task.

A) Assisted discovery
B) Cooperative learning
C) Reciprocal teaching
D) The zone of proximal development

Question 24

In ___________, children work together in groups to achieve a common goal.

A) assisted discovery
B) cooperative learning
C) reciprocal teaching
D) the zone of proximal development

Question 25

During a math lesson, Mr. Lestage divided students into small groups and provided each group with a series of problems to solve together. This is an example of __________.

A) reciprocal teaching
B) cognitive elaboration
C) cooperative learning
D) the zone of proximal development

Question 26

Ms. Avila is teaching her fourth-grade students how to comprehend complex reading passages. First she models the strategies for them and then she expects them to take the lead. For instance, Ms. Avila shows them how to skim the content of the passage, raise questions about its central points, summarize the passage, and predict what is likely to happen next. This teaching method is known as __________.

A) assisted discovery
B) cooperative learning
C) reciprocal teaching
D) the zone of proximal development

Question 27

The proficient use of two languages is known as __________.

A) semi-lingualism
B) metalinguistic awareness
C) lingualism
D) bilingualism

Question 28

A preschool child who can identify the letters in the alphabet and read some very familiar words is in which stage of reading?

A) Stage 0
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3

Question 29

Jackson, a first-grade student, is learning to read. He can sound out words by blending letters together. Which stage of reading is Jackson in?

A) Stage 0
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3

Question 30

Anita, who is in third grade, is reading aloud with fluency. However, it is difficult for her to process the meaning of the words. Which stage of reading is Anita in?

A) Stage 0
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3

Question 31

A seventh-grade student who uses reading to learn about the world is likely in which reading stage?

A) Stage 0
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3

Question 32

In __________ approaches to reading, reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading. This approach emphasizes the components of reading, such as the sounds of letters and their combinations-phonics-and how letters and sounds are combined to make words.

A) letter-sound
B) code-based
C) whole-language
D) balanced literacy

Question 33

LaToya, a first grader, is learning to read. In class her teacher points to the letter c on a visual chart and makes the sound of "c." She then points to the letter a and makes its sound. Last, she points to the letter t and makes its sound. As a class, students all say the sounds in the sequence "C," "A," "T," and the students shout that the letters spell "cat." This method of reading instruction is known as the __________ approach.

A) letter-sound
B) code-based
C) whole-language
D) balanced literacy

Question 34

In __________ approaches to reading, reading is viewed as a natural process, similar to the acquisition of oral language. Proponents of this approach believe that children should read complete writings-sentences, stories, poems, lists, charts, and other examples of actual uses of writing.

A) letter-sound
B) code-based
C) whole-language
D) balanced literacy

Question 35

Miss Hausler is teaching her first graders to read. She believes that reading should be meaningful from the very beginning of reading instruction, so she teaches her students not to try to sound out every word but to look for cues in the text, pictures, and story language for ideas about unknown words as they work their way through an entire piece of text. This method of reading instruction is known as the __________ approach.

A) letter-sound
B) code-based
C) whole-language
D) balanced literacy

Question 36

The cycle of behavior on which a teacher transmits an expectation about a child and thereby actually brings about the expected behavior is known as the __________ effect.

A) teacher expectancy
B) student expectancy
C) culture expectancy
D) parent expectancy

Question 37

Mr. Bednorz was told by his principal that Joel was an exceptional student, when in fact Joel had average ability. As a result, Mr. Bednorz gave Joel challenging assignments, gave more specific feedback, and in general assumed that Joel would do well in his class. Consequently, Joel performed above his ability level. This is an example of __________ effect.

A) teacher expectancy
B) context expectancy
C) multicultural
D) bilingual

Question 38

A person's expectation being capable of bringing about an outcome is known as a __________.

A) teacher expectancy effect
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) cultural effect
D) multicultural effect

Question 39

As a teacher in the 1960s, Mr. Philips felt that the new immigrants that were placed in his class should learn how to "fit in," not only in his class, but in society. To him, this meant they should refrain from speaking their native language and speak only English. This view of American society is known as the __________.

A) pluralistic society model
B) multicultural education model
C) cultural assimilation model
D) immersion education

Question 40

The maintenance of one's original cultural identity while becoming integrated into the majority culture is known as developing a __________.

A) pluralistic society model
B) multicultural education model
C) cultural assimilation model
D) bicultural identity

Question 41

A __________ school is an independently run public school that families voluntarily choose for their children.

A) multicultural
B) home
C) traditional
D) charter

Question 42

Critics of charter schools argue that __________.

A) enrollment fees are too high
B) low-achieving students or those with special needs may not be accepted
C) students' needs and interests may be targeted more directly
D) traditional schools consistently outperform charter schools

Question 43

Approximately __________ million children are homeschooled, or taught by their parents in their own homes.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 44

Six-year-old Amira received a score of 30 on an intelligence test, and this was the average score received by most 10-year-olds. Amira's mental age would be considered __________.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 10
D) 30

Question 45

Which of the following intelligence tests allows the person giving the test to use a different language when posing questions?

A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB5)
B) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV)
C) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)
D) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 46

On average, the mean IQ score of African Americans tends to be about __________ IQ points lower than the mean score of Whites.

A) 15
B) 25
C) 35
D) 45

Question 47

In the book The Bell Curve, the authors argue that the IQ difference between Whites and African Americans is primarily due to __________.

A) the environment
B) heredity
C) both the environment and heredity
D) culture bias in testing

Question 48

Candace loves to put puzzles together. Recently, she solved a challenging 3-D puzzle. Candace was able to solve the problem only because she used her previous knowledge of another 3-D puzzle she had solved. This is an example of __________.

A) multiple intelligence
B) fluid intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) intelligence

Question 49

Howard Gardner suggests that there are eight distinct intelligences, each relatively independent. Each type of intelligence operates in concert with the other intelligences. This approach to understanding intelligence is known as __________.

A) the theory of multiple intelligences
B) fluid intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) the triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 50

Elliot wants to be an electrical engineer when he grows up. Gardner suggests that Elliot is high in __________ intelligence.

A) logical mathematical
B) linguistic
C) spatial
D) interpersonal

Question 51

Kelly wants to be social worker. Gardner suggests that Kelly is high in __________ intelligence.

A) naturalistic
B) linguistic
C) spatial
D) interpersonal

Question 52

According to Vygotsky, __________ assessment involves cooperative interaction between the individual who is being assessed and the person who is doing the assessment.

A) independent
B) dynamic
C) mediated
D) situated

Question 53

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence is made up of the following parts: __________, __________, and __________.

A) componential; experiential; contextual
B) fluid; crystallized; general
C) analysis; correlation; adaptive
D) interpersonal; intrapersonal; social

Question 54

Psychologist Robert Sternberg, who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence, suggests that intelligence is best thought of in terms of __________.

A) cognitive development
B) information processing
C) psychosocial factors
D) sociocultural factors

Question 55

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the __________ aspect of intelligence reflects how efficiently people can process and analyze information.

A) componential
B) experiential
C) contextual
D) academic

Question 56

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the __________ element is the insightful component of intelligence. Those high in this element can easily compare new material with what they already know, and can combine and relate facts that they already know in novel and creative ways.

A) componential
B) experiential
C) contextual
D) academic

Question 57

A child with an IQ score of 65 would be classified with __________ intellectual disability.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 58

Iris scored a 45 on an IQ test. Based on this score, she would be classified with __________ intellectual disability.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 59

Children with __________ intellectual disability are slow to develop language skills, and their motor development is also affected.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 60

Which of the following children are classified as gifted and talented?

A) Sam, who learned to play the violin when he was three, but quickly gave it up in favor of spending more time with his family rather than practicing
B) Elia, who as a toddler loved to do simple math using her toys and who is now, at the age of 10, taking advanced calculus classes at the university
C) Jacob, who has a knack for drawing and painting but also enjoys sports and other athletic endeavors
D) Samantha, who does well in school but does not stand out in any particular subject area

Question 61

Angelica is a gifted second grader. Her school meets her individual learning needs by providing her with opportunities to study various topics at a greater depth while still being with her peer group. This approach to educating gifted children is known as __________.

A) acceleration
B) enrichment
C) individualized education
D) self-paced learning

Question 62

Explain how Lev Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development influences classroom instruction.

Question 63

Define emotional intelligence and explain why some psychologists support the notion of teaching emotional intelligence in school.

Question 64

What criticisms are leveled at teaching emotional intelligence in school?

Question 65

Describe the developmental progression of reading development.

Question 66

Explain how teacher expectations can influence students in the classroom.

Question 67

Describe multicultural education, including the shift from a cultural assimilation model to a pluralistic society model.

Question 68

Identify and describe two IQ tests commonly used today.

Question 69

Define intellectual disability, and list the IQ ranges for each level of intellectual disability.

Question 70

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of home schooling, and make an argument for or against this educational movement.

Question 71

According to Piaget, your child has now entered the concrete operational period of cognitive development. Have you observed a change in the quality of your child's thinking? Perhaps your child seems more logical now and has become less egocentric in thought and behavior. Describe some of these changes using Piaget's constructs. Specifically, compare your child's approach to problem solving to the period of the preoperational stage.

Question 72

Piaget noted that once concrete operational thinking is fully engaged, children show clear signs of logical thinking. They attain the concept of reversibility and have the ability to decenter. Perform the conservation assessment task again, using the same method you used during the preschool period. Note your child's answers and how the answers differ with the attainment of reversibility and the ability to decenter.

Question 73

Read over the information on memory in your text. How has your child's memory improved during this period of middle childhood? Have you observed instances of your child using the keyword strategy and rehearsal to assist with memory? Describe these. Have you noticed, as your child gets older, these strategies are being used more often and are more effective? Explain.

Question 74

How has the language of your child improved during the period of middle childhood? Have you observed an increase in vocabulary and the understanding of language (metalinguistic awareness)? Describe this development. In addition, have you noticed any areas where your child's speech is not fully adult yet and still requires a bit of refinement? Explain.

Question 75

Read about the stages of reading in your text and then think about your own child's level of reading. Which stage of development would you consider your child to be in? Explain. In addition, note the methods used to teach reading. What method has your child used to learn how to read? What is your opinion on the code-based approaches to reading versus the whole-language approach?