Deck 5: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

When considering the development of the brain, one biological function that demonstrates the importance of environmental interaction is __________.

A) neural transmission
B) synaptic gap
C) synaptic pruning
D) neural axons

Answer 1

synaptic pruning

Question 2

Infants raised in severely restricted environments show structural brain differences. At least some of these differences, in particular facets of development, may be linked to a specific but limited time period. These time periods are known as __________.

A) critical periods
B) sensitive periods
C) brief periods
D) imprinting periods

Answer 2

sensitive periods

Question 3

Gabriel's parents were impressed with his repertoire of responses that helped him to adapt to his environment as an infant. These unlearned and involuntary responses are known as __________.

A) rhythms
B) dream experiences
C) reflexes
D) cultural responses

Answer 3

reflexes

Question 4

An infant's crawling is really a gross motor skill that is interconnected with many other skills, including other motor skills and sensory capabilities. This idea that motor development is coordinated and interconnected supports the __________ theory.

A) dynamic systems
B) imprinting
C) modeling
D) social learning

Question 5

Marcus's mother was proud of the fact that her baby crawled early, walked early, and was able to negotiate the stairs early. Marcus's mother had been studying __________.

A) Brazelton assessments
B) childhood standards
C) Apgar scores
D) developmental norms

Question 6

Which is an advantage of breastfeeding?

A) mother's reduced risk of cervical cancer
B) infant's reduced risk of leukemia
C) mother's reduced risk of ovarian cancer
D) mother's reduced risk of leukemia

Question 7

________ is the activation of the sense organs, whereas __________ is the mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli.

A) Sensation; perception
B) Perception; sensation
C) Visual perception; auditory perception
D) Multimodal perception; depth perception

Question 8

If a 9-month-old infant in the "visual cliff" experiment did not willingly crawl across the cliff, it revealed that the infant had developed __________.

A) auditory perception
B) visual perception
C) depth perception
D) multimodal perception

Question 9

One of the most highly developed sensory systems in a newborn is the sense of __________.

A) sight
B) touch
C) smell
D) taste

Question 10

At birth, the average baby weighs approximately __________ pounds.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7

Question 11

At birth, the average baby length is approximately __________ inches.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 12

At the first birthday, you should expect that an infant's birthweight has __________.

A) increased by 50 percent
B) tripled
C) doubled
D) increased by 150 percent

Question 13

By the end of the first year, children average a height of __________ inches.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40

Question 14

At birth, the head of the infant accounts for __________ of the newborn's entire body size.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) one-third

Question 15

By age 2, the baby's head is only __________ of its body length.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) one-third

Question 16

By adulthood, the head is only __________ of the body length.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-eighth
D) one-third

Question 17

When Georgiana saw her first newborn, she said, "His head is so big!" The fact that a newborn's head is about one-fourth of his body demonstrates the __________ principle.

A) hierarchical integration
B) proximodistal
C) cephalocaudal
D) independence of systems

Question 18

The fact that an infant is able to control her arms before she can effectively utilize her fingers demonstrates the __________ principle.

A) hierarchical integration
B) proximodistal
C) cephalocaudal
D) independence of systems

Question 19

Initially infants are only able to bat at objects; they then learn to grasp objects utilizing the whole hand. Later, infants are able to pick up small objects with just the index finger and thumb. This illustrates the __________ principle.

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) hierarchical integration
D) independence of systems

Question 20

Luis learned to raise his head off the floor when he was placed on his stomach. He then learned how to sit unattended and to rock back and forth using his arms and legs before he finally learned how to crawl. This illustrates the principle of __________.

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) hierarchical integration
D) the independence of systems

Question 21

The principle of __________ states that different body systems mature at different rates.

A) hierarchical integration
B) proximodistal
C) cephalocaudal
D) the independence of systems

Question 22

The __________ system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body.

A) nervous
B) lymph
C) cardiovascular
D) blood

Question 23

Like all cells in the body, __________ have a cell body containing a nucleus. But unlike other cells, they have the ability to communicate with other cells.

A) synapses
B) dendrites
C) neurons
D) glial

Question 24

At one end of a neuron is a cluster of fibers called __________; they receive messages from other cells.

A) synapses
B) dendrites
C) neurons
D) glial

Question 25

Neurons have a long extension called an __________, the part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons.

A) atom
B) axiom
C) axon
D) adam

Question 26

Neurons send messages to other neurons by crossing a small gap known as a __________.

A) neurotransmitter
B) synapse
C) receptor
D) dendrite

Question 27

Neurons communicate by sending chemical messengers, __________, that travel across the small gaps known as __________, between neurons.

A) synapses; neurotransmitters
B) neurotransmitters; synapses
C) neurotransmitters; dendrites
D) synapses; dendrites

Question 28

Messages are transmitted from one neuron to other neurons by means of chemical messengers called __________.

A) neuromites
B) neurotransmitters
C) neurochemicals
D) neuroelectricals

Question 29

Although estimates vary, infants are born with between 100 and 200 __________ neurons.

A) thousand
B) million
C) billion
D) hundred

Question 30

By adulthood, a single neuron is likely to have a minimum of __________ connections to other neurons, or other body parts.

A) 5
B) 50
C) 500
D) 5,000

Question 31

The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons __________.

A) to make room for more neurons
B) to provide more space for each established neuron
C) to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons
D) to die off so that new neurons can develop

Question 32

The rapid increase in the overall size of the brain during the first two years can be attributed to __________.

A) neurons
B) neurotransmitters
C) myelin
D) synapses

Question 33

If a baby's experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, those connections are eliminated, which is a process called __________.

A) synaptic division
B) synaptic pruning
C) neuron pruning
D) neuron division

Question 34

In addition to growth in dendrites, the axons of neurons become coated with __________, a fatty substance that, like the insulation on an electric wire, provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.

A) myelin
B) dendrite coats
C) neural plastic
D) axon membrane

Question 35

The upper layer of the brain is known as the __________.

A) cortex
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) cerebral cortex

Question 36

The cerebral cortex is responsible for __________.

A) higher-order thought processes
B) speech production
C) speech recognition
D) motor control

Question 37

If a particular part of a young child's brain is injured, other parts of the brain can compensate. This reaction illustrates __________.

A) sensitivity
B) plasticity
C) elasticity
D) pliability

Question 38

As a newborn, Li Chan went through periods in which her legs would jerk in a regular pattern every minute or so. This is known as a __________.

A) rhyme
B) rhythm
C) route
D) cycle

Question 39

Six-week-old Nigel went through periods of alertness, fussing, and crying. These periods are referred to as __________.

A) cycles
B) rates
C) states
D) rhythms

Question 40

Maryam often wished she could sleep like a baby until she had a baby. Aftab, her 1-month-old son, went through various stages of sleep ranging from quiet sleep to periods during which he was actively moving about and crying in his sleep. These periods are called __________.

A) cycles
B) rates
C) states
D) rhythms

Question 41

By approximately __________ months of age, infants' brain waves become more regular.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 42

On average, newborn infants sleep approximately __________ hours a day.

A) 6
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24

Question 43

Initially, rapid eye movement accounts for about __________ of an infant's sleep.

A) one-eighth
B) one-half
C) one-quarter
D) one-fifth

Question 44

A stage of sleep associated with dreaming, this stage of active sleep includes a movement of the closed eyes back and forth and is known as __________.

A) activity sleep
B) non-REM sleep
C) REM sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 45

As we age, the total amount of time we sleep __________, and the proportion of REM sleep __________.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; decreases
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; increases

Question 46

Kipsigis infants of Africa do not sleep for periods greater than 3 hours for the first 8 months of life; however, 8-month-old infants in the United States may sleep for as long as 8 hours at a time. This difference is the result of __________.

A) culture
B) genes
C) personality
D) brain development

Question 47

__________ is a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep.

A) Sudden infant death syndrome
B) Systematic infant death syndrome
C) Sudden instant death syndrome
D) Systematic instant death syndrome

Question 48

The American Academy of Pediatrics has helped to reduce the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome by requesting that parents place an infant on the __________ when the infant sleeps.

A) stomach
B) back
C) left side
D) right side

Question 49

Lillian is discussing sleep habits with her daughter's pediatrician. What advice is Lillian likely to receive?

A) Place your daughter on her side in the crib.
B) Place your daughter on her stomach in the crib.
C) Place your daughter on her back in the crib.
D) Place your daughter on a pillow in the crib.

Question 50

About how many infants in the United States are affected by sudden infant death syndrome each year?

A) 1 in 100 infants
B) 1 in 1,000 infants
C) 1 in 2,500 infants
D) 1 in 5,000 infants

Question 51

What is the most common type of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)?

A) accidental suffocation
B) drug overdose
C) strangulation in bed
D) SIDS

Question 52

When Sarah's daddy pressed 3-day-old Sarah's palm with his finger, she responded by tightly winding her small fist around his finger and grasping it. When he moved his finger higher, she held on tighter. Sarah is using her __________.

A) instinct
B) critical period
C) imprinting
D) reflex

Question 53

Newborn Petra had a tendency to turn her head toward things that touched her cheek. This is an example of the __________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) swimming
D) sucking

Question 54

Why does the rooting reflex have survival value?

A) It helps the baby eat.
B) It helps the baby sleep.
C) It helps the baby crawl.
D) It helps the baby see.

Question 55

Twelve-year-old Laura loves to hold her 1-month-old cousin, Mary, in an upright position with her feet touching the floor, so that Mary can walk. This is an example of the __________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) swimming
D) sucking

Question 56

Six-month-old Natalia crawled to the edge of a pool and fell in. Her mother found her lying facedown in the water, paddling and kicking. Her mother immediately pulled Natalia out of the pool. This is an example of the __________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) swimming
D) sucking

Question 57

Four-month-old George would thrust out his arms and attempt to grasp onto his mother whenever he felt like he was falling. This is an example of the __________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) swimming
D) Moro

Question 58

Which of the following reflexes disappears around 8 to 12 months?

A) Babinski
B) eye blinking
C) sucking
D) gagging

Question 59

Which is an example of a fine motor skill?

A) crawling
B) drawing
C) running
D) walking

Question 60

Eleven-month-old Esteban loves to pick up cereal, peas, and beans with just his thumb and index finger. This method of picking up objects is known as the __________ grasp.

A) pincer
B) ulnar
C) pincer.
D) scissor

Question 61

Dynamic systems theory proposes that crawling is a result of __________.

A) appropriate muscle development
B) activation of a cognitive program
C) coordination among muscles, perception, cognition, and motivation
D) delayed fine motor development

Question 62

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is used to measure __________.

A) infants' food preferences
B) infants' neurological and behavioral responses
C) infants' language abilities
D) infants' sleep habits

Question 63

Ache infants tend to walk later than Jamaican and Kipsigis infants do. This is due in part to __________.

A) genes
B) delayed gross motor development
C) parental expectations
D) delayed fine motor development

Question 64

What type of solid food should be introduced into a baby's diet first?

A) cereal
B) strained fruit
C) meats
D) vegetables

Question 65

Once solid foods are introduced, bottle and breastfeeding should __________.

A) stop immediately
B) continue until 2 to 3 years of age
C) gradually be decreased and stop by 9 months
D) continue at least for the first 12 months

Question 66

Recent research on the benefits of breast milk has focused on the role of __________ to improve digestion.

A) proteins
B) bacteria
C) fats
D) vegetables

Question 67

A disease characterized by the cessation of growth is called __________.

A) marmar
B) marasmus
C) masmas
D) morna

Question 68

Latisha is a baby from the United States whose mother is unable to breastfeed her, lives below the poverty level, and is now deficient in protein and calories. She has stopped growing and is exhibiting features of the disease __________, which, if not treated, will ultimately lead to early death.

A) nonorganic failure to thrive
B) kwashiorkor
C) psychosocial dwarfism
D) marasmus

Question 69

__________ is a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention.

A) Marasmas
B) Kwashiorkor
C) Nonorganic failure to thrive
D) Obesity

Question 70

Obesity is defined as __________.

A) weight greater than 5 percent above the average for a given height
B) weight greater than 10 percent above the average for a given height
C) weight greater than 15 percent above the average for a given height
D) weight greater than 20 percent above the average for a given height

Question 71

Which statement is true about obesity?

A) There is a clear association between obesity during infancy and obesity during adolescence.
B) There is a clear link between overweight babies and overweight adults.
C) Weight during infancy is associated with weight at age 6.
D) A fat baby is a healthy baby.

Question 72

At about 14 weeks, children are able to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion. This visual ability is known as __________.

A) monocular vision
B) visual acuity
C) binocular vision
D) distance vision

Question 73

To test the presence of depth perception of infants, experimenters use a __________.

A) cleft palate
B) visual cliff
C) cliff hanger
D) visual cleft

Question 74

The equipment used to measure depth perception in infants consists of a piece of heavy glass. A checkered pattern appears under one half of the glass sheet, making it seem that the infant is on a stable floor. On the other half of the glass, the pattern drops down several feet. This equipment is known as a __________.

A) cleft palate
B) visual cliff
C) cliff hanger
D) visual cleft

Question 75

Robert Fantz discovered that infants prefer to look at __________.

A) more complex stimuli than simple stimuli
B) more simple stimuli than complex stimuli
C) straight lines than curved lines
D) nonhuman faces than human faces

Question 76

Which of the following stimuli would a 3-month-old prefer to look at?

A) a gray square
B) a black line
C) a checkerboard pattern
D) a black circle

Question 77

Infants can begin to hear __________.

A) prenatally
B) at birth
C) about one hour after birth
D) about one day after birth

Question 78

Sound localization, pinpointing the source of a sound, is slightly poorer in infants due to __________.

A) their lack of hearing experience
B) low-frequency sounds
C) waxy buildup in their ears
D) their smaller heads

Question 79

Infants express which of the following reactions?

A) disgust, when they taste something bitter
B) pleasure, when they smell rotten eggs
C) surprise, when they see their friends
D) crinkle their noses, when they smell butter

Question 80

Although historically infants were thought not to feel pain, today it is widely acknowledged that infants show signs of distress when in pain and express this by __________.

A) changing the intensity of their crying
B) slowed respiration
C) facial expression of pleasure
D) rooting reflexes