Deck 7: Crisis Prevention and Intervention

Question 1

A(n) ______ is an event outside the range of normal human experience which would be markedly distressing to anyone.

A) disaster
B) crisis
C) imbalance
D) relapse

Answer 1

crisis

Question 2

Which of the following is considered a component of a crisis?

A) A precipitating event.
B) A perception of the event that leads to subjective distress.
C) Diminishing functioning when normal coping resources to not alleviate the distress.
D) All of the above.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

Crisis can include ______ events, such as an anticipated death, or _______ events, such as a tornado or murder.

A) expected; unexpected.
B) unexpected; expected.
C) planned; unplanned.
D) unplanned; planned.

Answer 3

expected; unexpected.

Question 4

The development of _______ originated in the wake of the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire of 1942.

A) grief counseling
B) crisis theory
C) the ABC-X model
D) first responder training

Question 5

_________ worked with and studied the Cocoanut Grove fire survivors and their families to better understand grief counseling and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

A) Rogers, Adler, and Lindemann
B) Wolpe, Caplan, and Rogers
C) Lindemann, Adler, and Caplan
D) None of the above.

Question 6

________ is a systematic set of helping actions aimed at reducing initial post-trauma distress and supporting short and long-term adaptive functioning.

A) Psychological first aid
B) Crisis support
C) Grief and trauma counseling
D) First responder training

Question 7

Following a crisis event, research indicates that ________ intervention is critical to long term favorable outcomes.

A) slightly delayed
B) hospital
C) follow-up
D) immediate

Question 8

In the ABC-X crisis model,

A) A is the event, B is the family resources, C is the meaning attached to the event, and X is disequilibrium.
B) A is acknowledging the event, B is the belief system, C is the crisis, and X is the family support and resources.
C) A is accumulated stressors, B is the crisis, C is the consequences of the crisis, and X is the new coping strategy.
D) None of the above.

Question 9

_______ refers to the positive enhancing growth and changes individuals gain through dealing effectively with stressors and crisis events.

A) Eustress
B) Equilibrium
C) Resilience
D) Bonadaptation

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding stress is NOT true?

A) Stress is often characterized by symptoms of physical or emotional tension.
B) Stress is always negative because it inhibits one's ability to cope.
C) Stress is a reaction to a situation where a person feels threatened or anxious.
D) All of the above statements are true regarding stress.

Question 11

______ refers to stress that is perceived negatively, and _____ refers to stress that is a result of positive changes.

A) Eustress; distress
B) Distress; eustress
C) Disequilibrium; equilibrium
D) Equilibrium; disequilibrium

Question 12

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes which of the following categories of symptoms?

A) Hyperarousal
B) Intrusion
C) Avoidance
D) All of the above

Question 13

________ refers to the emotional and mental wounds that challenge one's beliefs, security, thoughts, and feelings, and undermines one's ability to cope.

A) Distress
B) PTSD
C) Psychological trauma
D) Grief

Question 14

______ refers to the actions we use to deal with stressful or intimidating circumstances.

A) Coping
B) Crisis counseling
C) Hyperarousal
D) Eustress

Question 15

The construct of hardiness is composed of the 3 Cs, which include

A) coping, contentment, and control.
B) counterbalancing, coping, and counseling.
C) commitment, control, and challenge.
D) None of the above.

Question 16

______ entails adaptation to adversity and stressors, such as relational, financial, or workplace problems.

A) Resilience
B) Posttraumatic growth
C) Hardiness
D) Self-efficacy

Question 17

______ reflects positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis.

A) Resilience
B) Posttraumatic growth
C) Hardiness
D) Self-efficacy

Question 18

All of the following are identified as resiliencies in The Resilient Self EXCEPT

A) insight
B) initiative
C) intimacy
D) independence

Question 19

Which of the following questions might be helpful for counselors to consider when listening for signs of resilience in their clients?

A) What hardships has the client endured previously?
B) What was learned as a result of the crisis?
C) What was the aftermath of the client's hardships?
D) All of the above.

Question 20

When unattended stress and co-traumatic effects begin to have a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning, the counselor is at risk of

A) therapeutic impairment.
B) transcrisis.
C) self-harm.
D) All of the above.

Question 21

Professional burnout involves

A) feelings of deep sympathy and sorrow for clients experiencing suffering or misfortune, and a strong desire to alleviate the client's suffering.
B) physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual exhaustion stemming from chronic exposure to client suffering.
C) vicarious physical or emotional stress/traumatization upon knowledge about a significant other experiencing trauma.
D) a cognitive processing change after direct and chronic exposure to trauma populations.

Question 22

All of the following statements are true regarding secondary traumatic stress EXCEPT

A) Secondary traumatic stress involves vicarious physical or emotional stress upon learning of a significant other's trauma experience.
B) Secondary traumatic stress is synonymous with vicarious traumatization.
C) It is sometimes experienced by counselors, but it is more often experienced by relatives or close acquaintances of trauma victims.
D) All of the above are true regarding secondary traumatic stress.

Question 23

________ involves feelings of deep sympathy and sorrow for clients experiencing suffering or misfortune, along with strong desire to help alleviate the client's suffering.

A) Professional burnout
B) Transcrisis
C) Compassion fatigue
D) Secondary traumatic stress

Question 24

Which of the following strategies may help a counselor to substantially reduce burnout?

A) A change in job.
B) A change in work environment.
C) A vacation.
D) All of the above.

Question 25

Indicators of _______ are outwardly manifested and observed in a person, while indicators of _______ are more internally experienced.

A) compassion fatigue; professional burnout
B) professional burnout; compassion fatigue
C) secondary traumatic stress; vicarious traumatization
D) vicarious traumatization; secondary traumatic stress

Question 26

_______ stems from a cognitive processing change, and it occurs when counselors connect with clients' pain and feel the cumulative impact of that pain.

A) Professional burnout
B) Vicarious traumatization
C) Compassion fatigue
D) Secondary traumatic stress

Question 27

______ accumulates over time and stems from the emotional and physical fatigue from constant use of empathy.

A) Transcrisis
B) Professional burnout
C) Impairment
D) Compassion fatigue

Question 28

When an individual settles into a residual state of crisis that is long term and lingering, with or without PTSD, it is referred to as

A) transcrisis.
B) professional burnout.
C) secondary traumatic stress.
D) vicarious traumatization.

Question 29

Which of the following strategies may help counselors attenuate their exposure to stress?

A) Develop time management strategies for when phone calls are returned.
B) Take breaks throughout the day.
C) Have a support group or peer consultation group.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

All of the following are guidelines for crisis counseling EXCEPT

A) ensuring client safety.
B) working independently from first responders.
C) fostering resilience in clients.
D) monitoring for dangerous behavior.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true regarding legal and ethical guidelines for crisis counseling?

A) Legal and ethical guidelines never apply during times of crisis.
B) Legal and ethical guidelines remain steadfast and must be strictly adhered to during times of crisis.
C) There may be justification to adjust aspects of common practice in order to best protect individuals and the public during times of crisis.
D) None of the above are true.

Question 32

When dealing with clients with suicidal and/or homicidal ideation, the professional counselor is obligated to

A) prevent harm.
B) extend duty-to-protect or duty-to-warn responses to family or intended victims.
C) assess risk for lethality, specificity, and intent.
D) All of the above are counselor obligations.

Question 33

Risk groups for which suicide rates are high include all of the following EXEPT

A) white females.
B) white males.
C) elderly persons (65+).
D) Native Americans.

Question 34

In an interview risk assessment, _____ indicates that there is a strong probability that someone will be injured or dead within 24 hours.

A) chronic risk
B) acute risk
C) moderate risk
D) None of the above

Question 35

Acutely suicidal persons

A) do not necessitate immediate intervention.
B) often have more problems relationally.
C) may have recently experienced a defeat, failure, humiliation, or loss.
D) All of the above.

Question 36

All of the following are available mnemonic devices or acronyms for a suicide interview assessment EXCEPT

A) IS PATH WARM.
B) SAD PERSONS.
C) MAN THIS ISN'T FAIR.
D) HOPEFUL.

Question 37

_______ are possibilities and ______ are specific and behavioral indicators that are probabilities.

A) Risk factors; warning signs
B) Warning signs; risk factors
C) Acute risk; chronic risk
D) Chronic risk; acute risk

Question 38

When assessing homicidal threat, counselors should learn about

A) the details, specificity, and achievability of the plan.
B) the intended victims.
C) recent triggers to activate the plan.
D) All of the above.

Question 39

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

A) affects only women.
B) has major physical and psychological effects on the abused partner.
C) affects few individuals each year.
D) All of the above.

Question 40

During the ______ phase of the cycle of violence theory, the abuser asks for forgiveness and may bring the abused partner gifts.

A) tension building
B) honeymoon
C) acute battering
D) recovery

Question 41

During the _____ phase of the cycle of violence theory, the abused partner tries to appease the abusing partner to keep the situation from escalating.

A) walking-on-eggshells
B) honeymoon
C) tension building
D) acute battering

Question 42

According to the SAD PERSONS suicide risk assessment interview, the "D" represents

A) demographics
B) drug abuse
C) disorientation
D) depression

Question 43

Signs of ______ include unexplained injuries, bruises, burns, or other injuries that do not match the explanation given.

A) physical child abuse
B) sexual child abuse
C) emotional child abuse
D) neglect

Question 44

Signs of emotional and psychological child abuse include

A) sexually transmitted infections.
B) poor hygiene, hunger, and dirty clothing.
C) low self-esteem, depression, and socially withdrawn.
D) All of the above.

Question 45

Counselors have a(n) ______ responsibility to protect elder adults and report suspected abuse, exploitation, and neglect.

A) legal
B) ethical
C) Both of the above.
D) None of the above.

Question 46

Warning signs of elder abuse include

A) bruises, broken bones, and abrasions.
B) social withdrawal and depression.
C) bed sores and poor hygiene.
D) All of the above are considered warning signs of elder abuse.

Question 47

An example of a community-wide disaster, which upsets the structure and function of a community, is

A) a flood.
B) a terrorist attack.
C) an oil spill.
D) All of the above are examples of community-wide disasters.

Question 48

When a crisis affects a school, the _______ is a vital leader in the response.

A) professional school counselor
B) school principal
C) outside community agencies
D) PTA

Question 49

All of the following statements are true regarding counselor safety in crisis intervention and prevention EXCEPT

A) counselors must attend to safety protocols when meeting with high-risk clients.
B) counselors should uphold proper screening processes for new clients.
C) counselors should assume an expert leadership role when dealing with first responders and local authorities.
D) counselors should engage in self-care and monitor their own mental health.

Question 50

_______ occurs when there is a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning, which compromises client care or poses the potential for harm to the client.

A) Self-care
B) Failure to report
C) Impairment
D) All of the above

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a core action associated with psychological first aid?

A) Contact and engage affected individuals
B) Address immediate needs
C) Provide comfort and safety
D) Refrain from contacting social supports

Question 52

When stress is chronic, it can lead to long term issues such as

A) digestive problems.
B) sleeplessness.
C) compromised immunity.
D) All of the above.

Question 53

______ is a DSM-5 classification that includes four main categories of symptoms, including hyperarousal, intrusion, avoidance, and negative alterations in mood or cognitions.

A) Posttraumatic stress disorder
B) Depression
C) Anxiety
D) Borderline personality disorder

Question 54

_______ is at the core of a crisis.

A) Hardiness
B) Failure to cope
C) Financial stress
D) Resilience

Question 55

Snyder's (2000) ______ suggests that if a client believes counseling will work, and if the client has qualities related to self-agency, then these are significant elements in successful outcomes.

A) resilience theory
B) posttraumatic growth theory
C) hope theory
D) transcrisis theory

Question 56

______ refers to a long term presence of risk that may or may not necessitate urgent care, immediate hospitalization, or immediate intervention.

A) Acute risk
B) Chronic risk
C) Moderate risk
D) Severe risk

Question 57

______ is a human-made crisis that an assailant does to another, while ______ can be vexing for survivors of the loss because some may view it as a "choice."

A) Homicide; suicide
B) Suicide; homicide
C) Terrorist attack; natural disaster
D) Natural disaster; terrorist attack

Question 58

According to the IS PATH WARM suicide risk assessment interview, the "I" represents

A) impulsivity
B) isolation
C) identification
D) ideation

Question 59

When meeting with high-risk clients who are a danger to self and/or others, the professional counselor

A) must be attentive to client non-verbal behaviors.
B) must assess for suicidal and/or homicidal intent.
C) should have office safety and escape protocols in place.
D) All of the above.

Question 60

Goals of trauma work include

A) empowerment of the client.
B) reestablishment of safety and structure.
C) mourning losses and reconnecting with support systems.
D) All of the above.

Question 61

Describe the purpose of psychological first aid (PFA), and list the 8 core actions associated with PFA.

Question 62

Identify what each letter represents in the ABC-X model adapted to individuals in crisis.

Question 63

Describe how the ABC-X model and the Double ABC-X model can be helpful in conceptualizing client reactions to crisis.

Question 64

Define eustress and distress, and provide two examples of each.

Question 65

Describe the following constructs related to crisis and trauma: hardiness, resilience, and posttraumatic growth.

Question 66

Define secondary traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization, and explain how to distinguish the two concepts.

Question 67

Explain the importance of counselor self-care for counselors working with clients experiencing crisis and trauma.

Question 68

Define impairment, and briefly address the ethical implications of counselor impairment.

Question 69

Briefly describe transcrisis and the effects it can have on a helping professional.

Question 70

Identify at least three wellness resources counselors may use to attenuate their exposure to stress.

Question 71

Identify three personal self-care strategies (e.g., yoga, reading, fishing) that you could use as a professional counselor.

Question 72

Identify and describe the guidelines for crisis counseling.

Question 73

Discuss legal and ethical guidelines for counselors during times of crisis.

Question 74

Identify the risk assessment competencies for counselors according to the Core Competencies for Mental Health Professionals.

Question 75

Identify the information counselors should gather when assessing homicidal threat of a client.

Question 76

Identify and describe the three phases of the cycle of violence theory.

Question 77

Identify at least three warning signs of elder abuse that counselors should be aware of.

Question 78

List the four categories of child abuse, and provide common signs or symptoms of each.

Question 79

Discuss the importance of a Crisis Response Team for crisis preparation in school settings.

Question 80

Choose one of the mnemonic devices or acronyms for a suicide interview assessment that was presented in the chapter. Identify what